Political Science

Step 1: Consider famous definitions of "law" from jurisprudence.
Many legal philosophers and jurists have offered definitions of law, each emphasizing different aspects.

Step 2: Identify the jurist associated with the given definition.
The definition, "Law is the body of principles recognized and applied by the state in the administration of justice," (or very similar "collection of principles.
.
.
") is a well-known definition attributed to Sir John William Salmond (1862–1924), a legal scholar and judge from New Zealand.
This definition emphasizes the role of the state and the courts in recognizing and enforcing legal principles for the purpose of administering justice.

Step 3: Consider other jurists/figures.
- (1) John Erskine of Carnock: A Scottish jurist (1695–1768), author of "Principles of the Law of Scotland" and "An Institute of the Law of Scotland.
" - (2) T.
E.
Holland (Thomas Erskine Holland): An English jurist (1835–1926), known for his work "The Elements of Jurisprudence," where he defined law as "a general rule of external human action enforced by a sovereign political authority.
" - (4) Woodrow Wilson: An American politician and academic who served as the 28th President of the United States.
While a scholar of political science and constitutional government, this specific definition of law is not primarily attributed to him.

Step 4: Confirm the author of the definition.
The definition focusing on principles recognized and applied by the state in administering justice is characteristic of John Salmond.
This matches option (3).

Step 1: Understand the concept of "State" in political science.
In political science, a State is a politically organized body of people occupying a definite territory and having an organized government with the power to make and enforce laws without external control (sovereignty).

Step 2: Recall the essential elements of a State.
According to widely accepted political theory, there are four essential elements or characteristics that constitute a State: 1.
Population: There must be a human population inhabiting the state.
2.
Territory: The state must have a defined geographical area or territory over which it exercises control.
3.
Government: There must be a political organization or machinery (government) to make and enforce laws, maintain order, and provide public services.
4.
Sovereignty: The state must possess supreme and independent authority (sovereignty) both internally (within its territory) and externally (free from foreign control).

Step 3: Determine the number of these essential elements.
There are four essential elements of a State: Population, Territory, Government, and Sovereignty.
This matches option (2).