Plant Anatomy

Step 1: Define epigynous flowers
In epigynous flowers, the ovary is inferior (below other floral parts), and sepals, petals, and stamens appear to arise from the top of the ovary.
Step 2: Define axile placentation
Axile placentation is when the ovules are attached to a central axis in a multilocular ovary, commonly seen in plants with compound ovaries.
Step 3: Analyze each pair for epigynous flowers and axile placentation
(1) Guava and Tomato: Both have epigynous flowers and axile placentation.
(2) Brinjal and Mustard: Brinjal has epigynous flowers and axile placentation; Mustard has hypogynous flowers and basal placentation.
(3) China rose and Petunia: Both have hypogynous flowers and parietal placentation.
(4) Cucumber and Sunflower: Cucumber has epigynous flowers but parietal placentation; Sunflower has epigynous flowers with basal placentation.
Step 4: Conclusion
Only Guava and Tomato both exhibit epigynous flowers and axile placentation.

Step 1: Understand what introrse and extrorse anthers mean.
Introrse anthers open towards the center of the flower (towards the gynoecium).
Extrorse anthers open away from the center of the flower (towards the petals).

Step 2: Classify the examples.
Solanum (e.g., tomato and brinjal) has introrse anthers.
Its anthers are fused, forming a cone around the style, and dehisce inwards — this is a classic case of introrse dehiscence.
Lily belongs to the monocots and shows extrorse anthers, which open outwards.

Step 3: Eliminate incorrect options.
Option (2): Reversed the terms.
Option (3): Datura and Petunia both have introrse anthers.
Option (4): China rose and Pisum both have introrse anthers.
Thus, only option (1) is correct.

Step 1: Root hairs are tiny extensions of root epidermal cells.
Step 2: They increase surface area for absorption and directly absorb water and minerals from the soil.