Thermodynamics

For an irreversible expansion, the work done is given by: For a reversible expansion, the work done is given by: For the same isothermal expansion, the relationship between irreversible and reversible work done is: Thus:

The spontaneity of a process is determined by the Gibbs free energy change, , which is given by the equation: For a process to be spontaneous, must be negative.
In this case:
- is positive, which means the system absorbs heat.
- is negative, indicating a decrease in entropy.
Thus, will always be positive (since both and ). Therefore, the process will always be non-spontaneous at all temperatures.