Organising

Step 1: Understand George R. Terry's management functions.
George R. Terry identified four key functions of management: planning, organizing, directing, and controlling. These functions are essential for achieving organizational goals.
Step 2: Evaluate the options.
- Terry outlined 4 key functions of management, so the correct answer is (B). - Other options are incorrect as they do not match Terry's framework for management functions.
Step 3: Conclude.
The correct answer is 4, as per George R. Terry's classification of management functions.
Final Answer:

Step 1: Definition of Centralisation
Centralisation refers to the concentration of decision-making authority at the top levels of management. In a centralized system, key decisions are made by top executives, and lower levels are not involved in the decision-making process.
Step 2: Definition of Decentralisation
Decentralisation refers to the delegation of decision-making authority to lower levels of management. It allows local managers or departments to make decisions without seeking approval from top management.
Step 3: Key Differences


Decision-Making Authority: In centralisation, authority is concentrated at the top, while in decentralisation, authority is spread across various levels.
Speed of Decision Making: Decentralisation leads to quicker decision-making as decisions are made locally, while centralisation can slow down decision-making as approval must go through multiple layers.
Flexibility: Decentralisation provides more flexibility as local managers can respond to changes quickly, while centralisation is more rigid.
Control: Centralisation offers more control to top management, while decentralisation involves a degree of autonomy for lower-level managers.

Step 4: Conclusion
Both centralisation and decentralisation have their advantages and disadvantages. The choice between them depends on the size of the organization, the nature of the business, and the goals of management.
Final Answer:

Step 1: Definition of Informal Organisation
An informal organization is a network of personal relationships and social interactions that develop among employees, independent of the formal structure of the organization.
Step 2: Characteristics of Informal Organisation
- Unofficial: It is not defined by formal roles, policies, or procedures.
- Based on Social Interactions: It arises from common interests, friendships, and social bonds.
- Flexible: Informal organizations are highly flexible and adapt quickly to changes within the workforce.
Step 3: Importance of Informal Organisation
- Promotes Cooperation: It helps employees to cooperate and share information.
- Enhances Communication: Informal networks facilitate quick and efficient communication.
- Provides Social Support: It provides a sense of belonging and emotional support to employees.
Step 4: Conclusion
Although informal organizations do not have a formal structure, they play a significant role in fostering communication, social interaction, and collaboration among employees.
Final Answer:

Delegation of authority refers to the process of assigning responsibility and authority to others within an organization. It is a fundamental management function that enables managers to distribute workload and ensures that tasks are performed efficiently. Key aspects of delegation: 1. {Responsibility:} The manager assigns tasks and ensures that subordinates are accountable for their completion. 2. {Authority:} The manager gives the necessary authority to subordinates to make decisions and take actions within their delegated tasks. 3. {Accountability:} While responsibility is delegated, the manager remains accountable for the overall outcomes of the tasks. Conclusion: Delegation is essential for increasing efficiency, allowing managers to focus on higher-level tasks, and developing the capabilities of subordinates.
Final Answer:

Step 1: Identify the organizational steps.
There are typically 6 key steps in organizational management: Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, Coordinating, and Controlling. These steps help in achieving the organization's goals efficiently.
Step 2: Evaluate the options.
- The standard framework for organizational steps includes 6 essential steps to achieve strategic and operational objectives.
Step 3: Conclude.
The correct answer is 6 steps.
Final Answer:

Step 1: Understand the factors shaping organizational structure.
The span of management refers to the number of subordinates a manager or supervisor can effectively manage. A larger span generally leads to a flatter organizational structure, while a narrower span can result in more hierarchical levels.
Step 2: Evaluate the options.
- The span of management is directly related to how an organization's structure is designed. It affects communication, decision-making, and the distribution of tasks.
Step 3: Conclude.
The correct answer is Span of management as it determines the organization’s structure and shape.
Final Answer: