Reading Comprehension

The mis m built their house on raised platform. A Traditional Mismi house is built with materials like bamboo and straw. the walls are constructed with bamboo and the roof is thatched. A typical Mismi house consists of a big hall like room which accomodates all the family members. The near the enternce acts as a portico and is used to entertain guests. Below the platform the rooms are kept. It also sometimes house the pigs which they rear. Adjacent to their house they construct cattlesheds and coops for reaching fowls. The fire place is called as meram and is considered as a scared place.

The French established cocoa and coffee plantations in west Africa. The British set up large tea garden in India and Sri Lanka, rubber plantation in Malaysia, and Sugarcane and banana Plantations in west Indies. Spanish and Americans invested heavily in coconut and sugarcane plantations in the Philippines. The Dutch once had monopoly over sugarcane plantations in Indonesia. some coffee Fazenda ( large plantation) in Brazil are still managed by Europeans. Today, ownership of the Majority of plantations have passed into the hands of the government or the nationals of the countries concerned.

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Like Paleolithic, Neolithic is also a Greek word. It means 'New Stone'. The period since the discovery of agriculture to the rise of urban civilization has been bracketed, as New Stone or Neolithic Age. This Age lasted approximately from 8000BC to 3000BC. The earlier anthropologists conceived everything on the basis of technological types, so they distinguished two grand divisions in Stone Age, which were different from each other by the technique of stone working. Palaeolithic tools and implements were made solely by chipping. They were very crude in nature. But the Neolithic stone objects were pecked, ground, rubbed and polished; they were far better in finishing as well as in effectiveness. Man was no longer a food-gatherer, he became a food-producer at the advent of Neolithic.
Twentieth Century anthropologists defined Neolithic Age in terms of domesticated plants and animals. They also counted the presence of pottery and absence of metal as indispensable criteria for a pure Neolithic site. V. Gordon Childe mentioned that the Neolithic had opened an entire new way of life and he termed it as 'Neolithic Revolution'. After the end of Pleistocene Ice Age, first acquisition of domestic plants and animals stood as the greatest achievement of man and therefore the period has been recognized as a great turning point or 'revolution', perhaps comparable in importance only with the 'Industrial Revolution' of recent period. But the origin and early spread of agriculture is still a matter of conjecture and only fragmentary evidences are found on this topic. There is no area in the world where the stages from pure hunting and gathering to farming can be traced step by step in adequate detail. However, the early development of agriculture was rooted in the environmental and cultural conditions at the end of Pleistocene epoch. By this time, the biological development of man was complete as evident in the skeletal remains of modern type of man corresponding to the particular period. It is therefore assumed that the people of this period had grown the capacities for cultural innovation. Discovery of agriculture belongs to:

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Mendel’s experiment with tall and dwarf peas, therefore, showed both homozygous and heterozygous zygotes. In pure tall variety, two factors (alleles) remain identical forming TT combination. Similarly, the pure dwarf variety shows tt combination. The hybrid tall plants of the first filial generation (F1) carry two unlike factors, Tt. Mendel in his experiment clearly established the fact that the recessive characters are not expressed in heterozygous condition, but will be expressed in recessive homozygotes (dwarf pea). Ina cross between true-breed contrasting varieties, we can classify F2 progeny (grandchildren grogeny) in two ways, either according to their appearance (phenotype) or according to their genetic composition (genotype). The phenotype classifies thiee individuals as tall out of four, whereas genotype identifies two hybrids (Tt) among the talls. Genotypically the F2 generation is composed of 1 TT, 2 Tt and 1 tt. The terms phenotype and genotype therefore refer to the visible expression of the genes (or Mendelian factors) and the actual genetic constitution of an individual respectively. Mendel discovered the important fact, that in the F1 hybrids, the parental characteristics (or factors or alleles) were not lost or mixed to produce the intermediates, rather the factors or alleles remain segregated. This non-mixing of alleles in the hybrid and their subsequent segregation (equal proportion is maintained in the gamete) is principle of Segregation of Mendel's first law.