Political Philosophy

Step 1: Understanding the statement.
The statement about the relationship among will, authority, and reason is attributed to Immanuel Kant, a prominent philosopher in the Enlightenment period. He believed that: - The relationship among these elements is complex and needs to be analyzed critically. - For Kant, reasoning about authority and will was not just a theoretical exercise, but a moral and philosophical obligation.
Step 2: Kant's philosophy.
Kant's philosophy emphasized autonomy and the role of reason in human action. He argued that human beings must exercise their rational capacities in determining how to act, especially in relation to moral authority.
Step 3: Conclusion. The correct answer is 3. Kant.
Final Answer:

Step 1: Understanding the statement.
The statement "Man is a ferocious animal" refers to the pessimistic view of human nature proposed by: - Hobbes, who believed that in the state of nature, without a governing authority, humans would act in self-interest, leading to conflict and violence. - Hobbes' view is found in his work Leviathan, where he suggests that only through a strong central authority can peace and security be ensured.
Step 2: Conclusion. The correct answer is 3. Hobbes.
Final Answer:

Step 1: Understanding the book and its author.
\textit{The Second Sex} is a foundational work of feminist philosophy that explores the historical and existential role of women in society. It was written by: - Simone de Beauvoir, who is one of the most prominent figures in existentialism and feminism. - The book critiques the role of women as the “other” in a male-dominated society.
Step 2: Conclusion. The correct answer is 1. Simone de Beauvoir.
Final Answer:

Step 1: Understanding the Legal Context of Surrogacy in India.
Surrogacy laws in India have undergone significant changes in recent years. The Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2019, prohibits commercial surrogacy, but it allows altruistic surrogacy. Altruistic surrogacy refers to when a woman carries a child for another person without monetary compensation, except for medical and other necessary expenses.
Step 2: Analyzing the Options.
- 1. Commercial Surrogacy: This is illegal in India under the Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2019. Commercial surrogacy involves monetary compensation beyond medical expenses, which is prohibited. - 2. Altruistic Surrogacy: This is correct. Altruistic surrogacy is allowed in India, where the surrogate mother is not paid except for medical expenses. - 3. Corporate Surrogacy: This is not recognized as a legal form of surrogacy in India. - 4. Commodified Surrogacy: This refers to treating surrogacy as a business transaction, which is illegal in India.
Step 3: Conclusion. The correct answer is 2. Altruistic Surrogacy.
Final Answer:

Step 1: Matching the theories with their thinkers.
- A. Social Contract theory: This theory is most commonly associated with Rawls. - B. Genesis of Caste theory: The origin of caste was studied and explained by Ambedkar. - C. Theory of Justice: Locke is known for his contributions to the theory of justice and natural rights. - D. Two Concepts of Liberty: The philosopher who proposed this theory is Berlin, who discussed the concepts of negative and positive liberty.
Step 2: Conclusion. The correct match is: - A - I (Rawls) - B - III (Ambedkar) - C - II (Locke) - D - IV (Berlin)
Final Answer:

Step 1: Analyzing LIST-I and LIST-II.
- The Second Sex (A) was written by Simone de Beauvoir, so it matches with III. - The History of Sexuality (B) is by Michel Foucault, so it matches with IV. - The Ethics of Sexual Differences (C) is by Luce Irigaray, so it matches with I. - The Dialectic of Sex (D) is by Shulamith Firestone, so it matches with II.
Step 2: Conclusion. The correct match is A - III, B - II, C - I, D - IV. Therefore, the correct answer is Option 2.
Final Answer: