Solid Waste Management

Step 1: Breakdown of costs in Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management. In a typical centralized MSW management system, the major functional elements include: Collection and transport Biological treatment (e.g., composting) Thermal treatment (e.g., incineration) Disposal in a sanitary landfill Among these, collection and transport account for the highest cost due to the following reasons: Extensive labor and operational requirements. High fuel consumption for transport vehicles. Large-scale infrastructure required for collection.

Step 2: Compare costs of other components. Biological treatment: Less expensive than collection and transport, as it primarily involves local facilities.
Thermal treatment: Costly but less frequent in Tier I cities due to limited use of incineration plants.

Disposal in a sanitary landfill: Costly but less significant compared to collection and transport costs.

Step 1: Characteristics of hazardous waste as per rules. According to the Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2016, a waste is classified as “characteristic” hazardous waste if it exhibits any of the following characteristics:
Ignitability: The waste is flammable or combustible under standard conditions.
Reactivity: The waste reacts violently with water, air, or other substances, potentially causing explosions or toxic gas releases.
Toxicity: The waste contains toxic substances that pose a risk to human health or the environment when improperly managed.

Step 2: Analyze the options.
Ignitability: Correct, as it is one of the characteristics of hazardous waste.
Reactivity: Correct, as it is a key property defining hazardous waste.
Radioactivity: Incorrect, as radioactive waste is regulated separately under specific guidelines.
Toxicity: Correct, as toxic substances in waste contribute to its hazardous classification.

Step 1: Convert mass of methane to moles. Step 2: Apply the Ideal Gas Law to calculate volume.
V =517,625