Assertion And Reason

Assertion (A): The Ashoka pillars, made of polished sand stone, are famous for their distinctive Mauryan polish, which has given them a remarkable gloss that has survived for over two millennia in many cases. Thus, the assertion is true. Reason (R): The Ashoka pillars are located in various parts of the Indian subcontinent (e.g., Sarnath, Vaishali, Delhi-Topra, Lauriya Nandangarh), many of which experience monsoon cli mates with significant rainfall and moisture-laden winds. The exceptional preservation of the polish is primarily attributed to the highly advanced polishing techniques of the Mauryan pe riod and the quality of the material, rather than the absence of moisture. Therefore, the reason given is factually incorrect for many locations. Since (A) is true and (R) is false. This matches option (3)

Assertion (A): The Constitution of India provides for the separation of powers between the legislature, executive, and judiciary. It explicitly ensures the independence of the judiciary from the executive and legislature to enable impartial justice and uphold the rule of law. Thus, the assertion is true. Reason (R): The very principle of judicial independence implies that the judiciary should be impartial and should *not* favour the government or any other party. Its role is to interpret the law and Constitution without bias and act as a check on the executive, not merely help in implementation by favouring the government. Therefore, the reason contradicts the concept of judicial independence and is false. Since (A) is true and (R) is false. This matches option (3).

Assertion (A): An increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide, a major greenhouse gas, enhances the greenhouse effect, trapping more heat and leading to global warming. This rise in global temperatures causes ice sheets and glaciers, including polar ice, to melt at an accelerated rate. Thus, the assertion is true. Reason (R): Increased levels of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide trap outgoing infrared radiation, leading to a rise in the average temperature of the Earth’s climate system, known as global warming or climate change. Thus, the reason is true. The melting of polar ice (Assertion) is a direct consequence of the rise in global temperature (Reason) caused by increased carbon dioxide. Therefore, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion. This matches option (1).