Textiles

Step 1: Understanding the application.
Mountaineering ropes are used for safety during climbing and must absorb sudden shock loads when a climber falls. Therefore, energy absorption is more important than stiffness.
Step 2: Role of elongation and modulus.
High elongation allows the rope to stretch during a fall, reducing the peak force transmitted to the climber. A low modulus indicates flexibility, which helps in shock absorption.
Step 3: Importance of work of rupture.
High work of rupture means the rope can absorb a large amount of energy before breaking, which is critical for safety in mountaineering.
Step 4: Conclusion.
Thus, mountaineering ropes should have high elongation, high work of rupture, and low modulus.

Step 1: Understanding the given data.
The oven dry mass of warp yarn is given as 100 kg. Since the yarn is oven dry, it contains no moisture initially. The yarn is sized with an add-on of 8%, which means additional solid material is added based on the original dry weight of the yarn.
Step 2: Calculating the mass after sizing (dry basis).
Add-on of 8% means:
Therefore, the total dry mass of the sized yarn becomes:
Step 3: Interpreting overall moisture content.
The overall moisture content of 10% means that moisture constitutes 10% of the final mass, and the dry material constitutes 90% of the final mass.
Step 4: Calculating the final mass of the sized yarn.
Since 108 kg represents 90% of the final mass:
Step 5: Conclusion.
Hence, the final mass of the sized yarn after adding size and accounting for moisture content is 120 kg.