Waste Management

Step 1: Understanding Vermi Composting.
Vermi composting is an eco-friendly and efficient method of organic waste management, using earthworms to break down organic matter into nutrient-rich compost. The process involves the use of specific species of earthworms that are capable of digesting organic waste materials and converting them into high-quality compost. This compost is highly beneficial for enriching the soil with essential nutrients, improving its structure, and promoting healthy plant growth. Vermi composting is a natural process that requires minimal human intervention and can be done on a small scale or large scale, depending on the amount of organic waste being processed.
Step 2: The Vermi Composting Process.
The method of vermi composting involves several steps:
1. Preparation of the Bed: The first step is to create a suitable environment for the earthworms. A composting bed is prepared using organic materials like vegetable scraps, manure, straw, and shredded paper. This is placed in a bin or container that has proper ventilation. The earthworms are introduced into the bin to start the composting process.
2. Feeding the Earthworms: The earthworms are fed with organic waste like vegetable peels, food scraps, and other biodegradable material. These materials should not be too acidic, and non-biodegradable waste, such as plastic or metal, should be avoided. The earthworms consume the organic matter, breaking it down in their digestive system.
3. The Digestive Process: As the earthworms digest the organic waste, they produce castings, which are rich in nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. These castings are then mixed with other organic matter to create compost. The waste material passes through the digestive system of the earthworms, where beneficial microbes help in the decomposition process.
4. Harvesting the Compost: After about 2-3 months, the composting process is complete, and the compost can be harvested. The vermi-compost is rich in beneficial nutrients and is typically dark, crumbly, and smells earthy. It can be used directly in gardens or farms to enrich the soil, improve water retention, and promote plant health.
5. Maintenance: During the composting process, it is important to maintain the right balance of moisture, oxygen, and temperature. The bed should be turned periodically to ensure proper aeration and avoid the growth of harmful bacteria. The temperature of the compost should also be monitored to ensure it does not become too hot, as this could harm the earthworms.
Step 3: Advantages of Vermi Composting.
- Sustainability: Vermi composting is an environmentally friendly method of recycling organic waste and converting it into valuable compost that improves soil quality. It reduces the need for chemical fertilizers and helps in reducing landfill waste.
- Soil Health: Vermi compost improves the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil, making it more fertile and conducive to plant growth.
- Cost-Effective: Vermi composting can be done on a small scale at home or on a larger scale in agricultural settings, making it an affordable and sustainable solution for waste management.

DDT (Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) is a synthetic pesticide that is non-degradable and remains in the environment for a long period, causing harm to the ecosystem. Unlike CO\textsubscript{2}, O\textsubscript{3}, and SO\textsubscript{2}, which either break down naturally or play essential roles in atmospheric processes, DDT accumulates in organisms and can cause severe ecological damage.
Step 1: Analyze the options.
(A) CO\textsubscript{2}: Carbon dioxide is a naturally occurring gas that is part of the carbon cycle and is degradable by natural processes like photosynthesis.
(B) DDT: This is the correct answer because DDT is non-degradable and harmful to the environment.
(C) O\textsubscript{3}: Ozone is a naturally occurring gas in the Earth's stratosphere and is involved in the ozone-oxygen cycle. It is degradable and does not accumulate in harmful ways.
(D) SO\textsubscript{2}: Sulfur dioxide is produced naturally (e.g., from volcanic eruptions) and by human activities, and it breaks down in the atmosphere.
Step 2: Conclusion.
DDT is the only non-degradable compound listed, making (B) the correct answer.
Final Answer: