* Dholavira is one of the five largest Harappan sites and is located in the present-day state of Gujarat, India. It was a prominent city of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, flourishing around 4500 years ago. * Dholavira is renowned for its sophisticated water management system, which includes reservoirs, dams, channels, and other hydraulic structures. * Dholavira was a well-planned city with three distinct divisions: the citadel, middle town, and lower town. The city also had a large stadium or public gathering area, suggesting community events or administrative functions. A remarkable discovery at Dholavira was the earliest known signboard, with inscriptions on a large wooden board, indicating the use of writing for communication or identification.  **Kalibangan (Rajasthan)**
- First site to show ploughed field patterns.
- Fire altars, indicating ritualistic practices.
- Houses made of mud bricks instead of baked bricks.
- No large water reservoirs like Dholavira. **Rakhigarhi (Haryana)**
- Largest IVC site in India.
- Evidence of multi-roomed houses, pottery, and jewelry making.
- Skeletons found suggest the continuity of Harappan genes.
- No evidence of large-scale fortifications like Dholavira. **Ropar (Punjab)**
- First Harappan site excavated after India’s independence.
- Harappan culture overlapped with later Vedic culture.
- Evidence of burials with pottery and personal belongings.
- Found near the Sutlej River, showing river-based settlement.