Vijayanagar Empire

The ruler who founded a new city on the south bank of a tributary of the Krishna River and claimed to rule as an agent of a deity is Harihara I. **Founder of Vijayanagara Empire:** Harihara I is credited with founding the Vijayanagara Empire in the 14th century. **Location:** The empire's capital, Hampi, is situated on the south bank of the Tungabhadra River, a tributary of the Krishna River. **Divine Right to Rule:** The Vijayanagara rulers claimed a divine right to rule, associating themselves with the Hindu deity Vishnu. They saw themselves as agents of the deity, responsible for protecting the land south of the Krishna River.

Both statements (1 and 2) are correct regarding the taxation system of Krishna Deva Raya, the ruler of Vijayanagar. **Statement 1 is correct.** Land tax based on quality The Vijayanagara Empire, under Krishna Deva Raya, had a well-defined taxation system. Land revenue was the primary source of income, and the tax rate was determined based on the land's quality, fertility, and irrigation methods. This ensured a fair system where more productive lands yielded higher tax revenue. **Statement 2 is correct.** Industry tax, besides land tax, the empire levied taxes on various professions and activities. Private workshops and businesses likely paid an industry tax, contributing to the state's treasury.

All the statements are correct. Being employed in a Royal Household of the Vijayanagar empire implies that women served a variety of roles and were crucial to the workings of the palace. It was during the zenith of the Vijayanagar empire that female artists were encouraged to contribute to literature. Krishnadevaraya, besides having dominion over peninsular India, patronised female writers and poets. According to Portuguese writer Ferno Nuniz, the women in the Vijayanagara Empire were experts in various fields, including : - Wrestling (skilled in martial arts) - Astrology (predicted celestial events) - Accounting (managed financial records) - Soothsaying (foretold the future based on signs and omens) So the correct answer is 1, 2, 3 and 4. 

**Statement 1 is incorrect:** Nizamat of Arcot was established by Aurangzeb and was the legal dependency of the Nizam of Hyderabad, it did not emerge from the Hyderabad state. **Statement 2 is correct:** The Mysore Kingdom emerged out of Vijayanagara Empire. After Vijayanagar fell in 1565, the ruling dynasty of Wodeyars of Mysore asserted their independence. **Statement 3 is incorrect:** The state of Rohilakhand was felled out of the **Afghan migration** into India which took place in the mid-18th century. Ali Muhammad Khan took advantage of the collapse of authority in north India following Nadir Shah's invasion, to set up a petty kingdom, Rohilakhand.

In medieval India, the term "Fanam" referred to a unit of currency, particularly a gold coin used in South India, especially in regions like the Vijayanagara Empire, the Nayakas of Madurai, and the various states of the Deccan. The Fanam was often minted in small denominations and was widely used for trade and commerce in the region.

**Statement 1 is incorrect.** Next to the Portuguese, the Dutch set their feet in India. In 1602, the United East India Company of the Netherlands was formed and permitted by the Dutch government to trade in the East Indies including India. Gajapati Rule declined in 1541. The last ruler was Kakharua Deva. Please note: Gajapati rulers only ruled in the Orissa region. But, the Dutch had their factories in many locations on the east coast of India. Hence, it is clear that they may have acquired lands from different rulers across the east coast. **Statement 2 is correct.** Alfanso de Albuquerque captured Goa from the Bijapur sultanate king Adil Shahis with the help of the Vijayanagara Empire. **Statement 3 is correct.** The English East India Company established a factory in Madras in 1639 on land leased from representatives of the Vijayanagara Empire called the Nayakas.

* **Devaraya I**, around 1410 A.D., got a barrage constructed across the Tungabhadra river and commissioned a 24 km long aqueduct from the Tungabhadra river to the capital. * The account provided by **Nuniz** gives details of the projects undertaken by Deva Raya I that brought prosperity to the Kingdom. **Hence option (a) is the correct answer.**

* **Krishnadeva Raya**, the ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire (1509-1529), maintained friendly relations with the Portuguese. In 1510, with his permission, Alphonso de Albuquerque, the Portuguese governor, constructed a fort at Bhatkal, located in the Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka. * **Narasimha Saluva** (**reigned 1491–1505) was a ruler of the Saluva dynasty, which briefly controlled the Vijayanagara Empire. The Portuguese presence in India was only beginning to take root during his reign, and their focus was primarily on establishing trade rather than fortifications. * **Muhammad Shah III** (reigned 1463–1482) was a ruler of the Bahmani Sultanate, a medieval kingdom in the Deccan region. By the time of his reign, the Portuguese had not yet arrived in India (their arrival occurred in 1498). * **Yusuf Adil Shah:** He was the founder of the Adil Shahi dynasty of Bijapur and ruled from 1489 to 1510. His engagements with the Portuguese were more conflictual, particularly over the control of Goa.