Political Science

Step 1: Consider the origins of political thought and terminology.
The systematic study of politics as a distinct field of inquiry began in ancient Greece.

Step 2: Identify the philosopher associated with the term "Politics.
" Aristotle (384–322 BCE), an ancient Greek philosopher and student of Plato, is widely credited with being one of the first to systematically study and write about politics.
His seminal work on the subject is titled "Politics" (Greek: Πολιτικά, Politika).
In this work, he examined different types of constitutions, the nature of the city-state (polis), citizenship, and various aspects of governance.
The term "politics" itself is derived from the Greek word "polis," meaning city-state.

Step 3: Evaluate other options.
- (1) Plato: Aristotle's teacher, also a major political philosopher, known for works like "The Republic" and "Laws," but Aristotle's work specifically titled "Politics" systematized the field.
- (3) Socrates: Plato's teacher, known for his method of inquiry (Socratic method).
He did not write texts himself; his philosophy is known through the writings of his students, primarily Plato.
- (4) J.
W.
Garner (James Wilford Garner): A much later American political scientist (1871–1938), known for his works on political science and international law.
While he used and defined the term "politics," he did not coin it or use it "for the first time" in its foundational sense.

Step 4: Confirm the first significant user.
Aristotle is considered the "father of political science" and his work "Politics" is foundational to the field and the use of the term.
This matches option (2).

Step 1: Recall famous definitions of democracy.
The phrase "government of the people, by the people, for the people" is one of the most iconic and widely quoted definitions of democracy.

Step 2: Identify the author of this definition.
This definition is famously attributed to Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States.
He used these words in his Gettysburg Address, delivered on November 19, 1863, during the American Civil War.
The concluding sentence of the address is: ".
.
.
that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
"
Step 3: Consider other figures.
- (1) A.
V.
Dicey: A British jurist and constitutional theorist, known for his work "Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution," where he expounded on the principle of the rule of law.
- (2) J.
R.
Seeley: A British historian and political essayist, known for works like "The Expansion of England.
" - (4) J.
S.
Mill (John Stuart Mill): A British philosopher, political economist, and civil servant.
An influential proponent of utilitarianism and liberalism.
Works include "On Liberty" and "Utilitarianism.
"
Step 4: Confirm the author.
The definition "government of the people, by the people, for the people" is from Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address.
This matches option (3).

Step 1: Distinguish between different categories of rights (e.
g.
, civil, political, economic, social).
- Civil Rights: Rights that protect individuals' freedom from infringement by governments, social organizations, and private individuals.
They ensure one's ability to participate in the civil and political life of the society and state without discrimination or repression.
Examples: right to life, liberty, equality before law, freedom of speech.
- Political Rights: Rights that involve participation in the establishment or administration of a government.
They are primarily concerned with the citizen's role in the state.
Examples: right to vote, right to contest elections, right to hold public office, right to criticize the government.

Step 2: Analyze the given options.
Option (1) Right to life: A fundamental civil right, essential for human existence.
(e.
g.
, Article 21 in Indian Constitution).
Option (2) Right to equality: A fundamental civil right, ensuring equal treatment before the law and prohibiting discrimination.
(e.
g.
, Articles 14-18 in Indian Constitution).
Option (3) Right to liberty: A broad civil right encompassing various freedoms like personal liberty, freedom of thought, expression, etc.
(e.
g.
, Articles 19, 21 in Indian Constitution).
Option (4) Right to vote (Suffrage): The right of citizens to vote in elections to choose their representatives.
This is a quintessential political right, as it directly involves participation in the political process of forming a government.

Step 3: Identify the political right.
Among the given options, the "Right to vote" is a core political right.
While other rights are fundamental and enable political participation, the act of voting is a direct exercise of political power.
This matches option (4).