Enzymology

Analyzing Each Statement

• Option 1: "Permanent tissue is composed of meristematic cells." This is incorrect. Permanent tissue is composed of differentiated cells that no longer divide, while meristematic tissue consists of actively dividing cells.
• Option 2: "Cork tissue is a living tissue." This is incorrect. Cork tissue (also known as phellem) is composed of dead cells with thickened walls, providing protection.
• Option 3: "Secondary cortex shows sclerenchyma cells filled with chloroplasts." This is incorrect. The secondary cortex may contain sclerenchyma cells, but these cells do not have chloroplasts. Sclerenchyma cells are mainly involved in providing structural support.
• Option 4: "Interfascicular cambium is a secondary meristem." This is correct. The interfascicular cambium is a secondary meristem that forms between vascular bundles and contributes to the secondary growth in plants.

Thus, the correct answer is (4) Interfascicular cambium is a secondary meristem.

Matching List A with List B

Let's match each item from List A with the corresponding item from List B:

• I. Glyoxysome: Glyoxysomes are organelles found in plants and are involved in the conversion of lipids to carbohydrates. Match: B - Convert lipids to carbohydrates.
• II. Plastids: Plastids are involved in the synthesis of carbohydrates and proteins. Match: C - Synthesis of carbohydrates and proteins.
• III. Nucleolus: The nucleolus is involved in ribosomal RNA synthesis. Match: D - Ribosomal RNA synthesis.
• IV. Mitochondria: Mitochondria are the organelles responsible for the synthesis of ATP, which is the energy currency of the cell. Match: A - Synthesis of ATP.

Thus, the correct matching is:

I-B, II-C, III-D, IV-A

The correct answer is (4) I-B, II-C, III-D, IV-A.

Analysis of the Pairs

Let's analyze the pairs:

• I. Terpene: Terpenes are precursors to Gibberellic acid (GA₃), which is a plant hormone involved in growth and development.
  Hence, I does not correspond to GA₃.
• II. Adenine derivative: Adenine derivatives are typically associated with Cytokinins (which promote cell division).
  Cytokinins are adenine derivatives, so II correctly matches with Cytokinins.
• III. Carotenoid: Carotenoids are precursors to Abscisic acid (ABA), which is involved in plant stress responses and growth regulation.
  Hence, III corresponds to ABA.
• IV. Purine derivative: Purine derivatives, like Adenine, are associated with the hormone Ethylene, which is involved in fruit ripening and other processes.
  Hence, IV corresponds to Ethylene.

Thus, the correct matching is II (Adenine derivative - Cytokinins) and III (Carotenoid - ABA).

Therefore, the correct answer is (2) II, III.

Step 1: Analyzing the statements
Statement A: Enzymes catalyzing the linking together of two compounds are lyases.
This is incorrect because lyases catalyze the breaking of bonds in molecules, not the linking of them. Ligases are responsible for joining two compounds.
Statement B: Glutamic acid is converted to glutamine in the presence of glutamine synthetase.
This is correct as glutamine synthetase catalyzes the conversion of glutamic acid to glutamine.
Statement C: The average content of ‘S’ and that of the transition state is called activation energy.
This is incorrect. Activation energy is the energy required to reach the transition state, not the average content of 'S' or transition states.
Statement D: Inorganic catalysts work similarly to enzymes at high temperatures.
This is incorrect. Enzymes are much more efficient and specific than inorganic catalysts, and their activity can decrease at high temperatures due to denaturation.
Final Answer:

Let's analyze the assertion and the reason:

• Assertion [A]: "Scale leaves of the rhizome of ginger are vegetative propagules." This is incorrect because scale leaves of ginger rhizomes are not vegetative propagules. The vegetative propagules in ginger are the rhizomes themselves, which are capable of producing new plants. Scale leaves, on the other hand, are not capable of giving rise to new plants.
• Reason [R]: "Vegetative propagules of flowering plants are capable of giving new offsprings." This is correct because vegetative propagules such as tubers, rhizomes, and bulbs can indeed produce new plants, which is a common method of asexual reproduction in many plants.

Thus, the correct answer is: (4) A is incorrect but R is correct.

Analysis of Statements:

A. Rhodospirillum is aerobic: ❌ Incorrect. 🔹 Rhodospirillum is generally anaerobic under certain conditions and can perform anoxygenic photosynthesis.

B. Anabaena and Nostoc are free-living nitrogen fixers: ✅ Correct. 🔹 Anabaena and Nostoc are cyanobacteria that fix atmospheric nitrogen and are free-living in aquatic or moist environments.

C. Azotobacter is anaerobic: ❌ Incorrect. 🔹 Azotobacter is an aerobic, free-living nitrogen-fixing bacterium.

D. Beijerinckia is aerobic: ✅ Correct. 🔹 Beijerinckia is an aerobic nitrogen-fixing bacterium.

Thus, the incorrect statements are: A and C

✅ Correct Answer: (2) A, C.

Dihybrid Cross: Phenotypic Ratio of Recombinants and Parent Plants

In a dihybrid cross, two traits are inherited independently according to Mendelian inheritance. When considering the phenotype ratio between recombinants and parent plants in the F₂ generation:

• Parent Plants: These plants retain the original combination of alleles and produce offspring with the same genotype and phenotype.
• Recombinants: These plants result from genetic recombination between homologous chromosomes during meiosis, producing new combinations of alleles that differ from the parents.

For a typical dihybrid cross, the expected phenotype ratio between recombinants and parent plants is 3:5.
This is because, in Mendelian genetics, the recombination frequency typically results in a higher number of parent plants compared to recombinants.

Thus, the correct ratio is 3:5.

Therefore, the correct answer is (3) 3:5.

ATP and NADPH + H⁺ Utilization in C₄ Plants

In C₄ plants, the ratio of ATP, NADPH + H⁺, and ATP used for the production of glucose follows a specific metabolic pathway.

• For every molecule of glucose produced in C₄ plants:
  • ATP is required for the initial carbon fixation step and later for the regeneration of PEP (phosphoenolpyruvate). This process requires 4 ATP.
  • NADPH + H⁺ is required for the reduction steps in the Calvin cycle to convert 3-phosphoglycerate into G3P (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate). This process requires 2 NADPH + H⁺.
  • Additional ATP is required for the regeneration of ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP), and this is usually 1 ATP.

Thus, the correct ratio of ATP generated, ATP used, and NADPH + H⁺ used is 4:1:2.

Therefore, the correct answer is (3) 4:1:2.