Environmental Geography

Air is an abiotic component, while plants, animals, and chemotrophs are biotic components of an ecosystem.

Masonry sea walls are vertical or sloped structures built parallel to the shore to protect coastal areas from wave action and erosion caused by sea currents. These walls are made of durable materials such as stone, concrete, or brick to withstand harsh marine conditions. Unlike breakwaters, which are offshore structures to reduce wave energy, sea walls directly protect the coastline. They are extensively used in areas with high tidal forces or significant risk of erosion due to storms.

Ecology was coined by Haeckel, and it studies the relationships between organisms and their environments. Ecosystem was coined by Tansley, and the concept of 'Climatic Climax' refers to ecological succession.

Droughts can significantly impact biodiversity by reducing water availability, affecting food sources, and causing habitat loss.

Acid rain is caused by the release of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere, primarily from industrial and vehicular emissions.

The Indian Rhino Vision-2020 aimed to increase the population of one-horned rhinoceroses in Assam to at least 3000 by 2020.

The correct chronological order of the initiatives is Project Elephant, Biological Diversity Act, National Environment Policy, and National Green Tribunal.

The correct sequence of the Biosphere Reserves from West to East is: Nilgiri, Panna, Simlipal, and Manas.