Biochemistry

At 25 °C, pure water undergoes very slight ionization, with only 2 water molecules out of 109 dissociating into and OH ions.

An ampholyte is a substance that can function as both an acid and a base, depending on the surrounding pH. A common example is an amino acid, which has both acidic (carboxyl) and basic (amino) groups.

Water has the highest heat of vaporization among the options due to its strong hydrogen bonding, which requires significant energy to overcome during phase transitions.

The average pH of seawater is slightly alkaline, around 7.8. This alkalinity is due to the presence of dissolved carbonates and bicarbonates, which act as natural buffers to stabilize the pH.