Khasi Literary Terminology

Step 1: Understanding the context.
This question matches well-known Khasi writers with their corresponding literary works or critical writings.
Each author contributed significantly to Khasi literature — through essays, criticism, or poetic analysis.
Step 2: Explanation of each author and their work.
- S. S. Majaw: Known for his insightful analysis of poetic forms, especially sonnets. Hence, matched with “Katto katne shaphang ka Sonnet.”
- Rajiesh K. Lyngdoh: A literary critic who explored “Ka Prosodi bad ka Retorik” (Prosody and Rhetoric) — a study of rhythm and expression in Khasi poetry.
- B. L. Swer: Famous for his interpretative essays, including “Ka Jingpynshai ïa U Kynjri Ksiar,” explaining symbolism and meanings in Khasi mythology.
- F. M. Pugh: A foundational figure in Khasi literary criticism, author of “Ki Syrwet Jingshai,” which focuses on light and moral awakening.
Step 3: Correct Matching.
A - IV (S. S. Majaw – Katto katne shaphang ka Sonnet)
B - II (Rajiesh K. Lyngdoh – Ka Prosodi bad ka Retorik)
C - III (B. L. Swer – Ka Jingpynshai ïa U Kynjri Ksiar)
D - I (F. M. Pugh – Ki Syrwet Jingshai)
Step 4: Verification.
Each work aligns perfectly with the writer’s literary focus and contribution.
Option (4) is thus the most accurate and contextually supported.
Step 5: Conclusion.
Hence, the correct answer is (4) (A) - (IV), (B) - (II), (C) - (III), (D) - (I).

Step 1: Understanding the term “Criticism.”
The word “Criticism” refers to the act of evaluating, interpreting, and analyzing literary works.
In Khasi literature, the adaptation of English literary terms has been significant in enriching the local language.
Hence, several scholars contributed to translating and standardizing such terms into Khasi.
Step 2: Contribution of D. R. L. Nonglait.
D. R. L. Nonglait, a renowned Khasi literary scholar, made major contributions to Khasi linguistics and literary studies.
He played a pivotal role in standardizing literary vocabulary and translating English literary terminology into Khasi.
To express the term “Criticism” — which refers to the analysis or evaluation of literature — he coined the phrase “Ka Jingbishar Bniah.”
This term carries the same conceptual meaning in Khasi: a detailed and reasoned judgment or evaluation of literary work.
Step 3: Meaning of “Ka Jingbishar Bniah.”
In Khasi, “Jingbishar” means judgment or examination, while “Bniah” means depth, detail, or precision.
Together, “Ka Jingbishar Bniah” perfectly conveys the analytical and evaluative essence of literary criticism.
Thus, it became the accepted equivalent of the English term “Criticism” in Khasi literature.
Step 4: Elimination of incorrect options.
- (1) H. W. Sten — known for language studies but not for translating “Criticism.”
- (2) E. Bars — contributed to Khasi prose but did not introduce this literary term.
- (3) J. S. Shangpliang — a writer, but not associated with coining literary terminology.
- (4) D. R. L. Nonglait — correct, as he formalized the term “Ka Jingbishar Bniah.”
Step 5: Conclusion.
Hence, D. R. L. Nonglait introduced the Khasi equivalent for “Criticism” as “Ka Jingbishar Bniah,” reflecting depth and analytical understanding in literature.

Step 1: Understanding the context.
U D. R. L. Nonglait u la ong ba u kritik u dei ban long uba tip ïa ka jingim bad uba sngewthuh bha ïa ka jingthoh.
Step 2: Analysis of options.
- A. Jingtip ïa ka lynti jong ka jingim u nongthoh – **Correct**.
- B. Jingtip ba shynna shaphang ka jingim briew ba shisha – **Correct**.
- C. Jingtip bad jingsngewthuh jong ka jinghikai – **Correct**.
- D. U dei ban sngewthuh bha ïa ka jingthoh khlem bakla – **Correct**.
Step 3: Conclusion.
Kine baroh ki dei ki jingtip kiba kongsan kiba dei ban don ha u kritik.

Step 1: Historical background.
The period between 1888 and 1910 marks a significant phase in the history of Khasi literature.
During this era, Khasi writers began shaping literary expression by incorporating modern themes, printing works, and promoting education.
Jeebon Roy Mairom stands out as a leading figure in this transformation.
Step 2: About Jeebon Roy Mairom.
Jeebon Roy Mairom is considered the “Father of Modern Khasi Literature.”
He was among the first to print and publish books in the Khasi language.
He established the first printing press at Mawphlang in 1896, which was a milestone for the Khasi literary renaissance.
Step 3: Literary contribution.
His works emphasized moral values, education, and the preservation of Khasi identity through written language.
He inspired subsequent writers like B. L. Swer and F. M. Pugh to further develop Khasi prose and poetry.
Step 4: Elimination of incorrect options.
- (1) S. M. Amjad Ali — unrelated to Khasi literature.
- (3) Dinonath Roy — not linked with Khasi literary movement.
- (4) Hari Charan Roy — known in a different linguistic sphere, not Khasi.
Step 5: Conclusion.
Hence, the correct answer is (2) Jeebon Roy Mairom, the pioneer of Khasi printing and literary awakening.

Step 1: Understanding the quotation.
The statement explains that literary criticism (jingbishar bniah) is the detailed and analytical evaluation of any literary work or art form.
It emphasizes the role of criticism as a disciplined and objective study of creative expression.
Step 2: About the author.
The quote belongs to J. S. Shangpliang, a respected literary scholar known for his deep analysis of Khasi literature and aesthetics.
He has written extensively on the theory of literary criticism and has contributed to modern Khasi critical studies.
Step 3: Meaning and significance.
Through this quote, Shangpliang highlights that criticism is not merely opinion but a systematic and thoughtful evaluation.
It combines both interpretation and judgment to understand the artistic and intellectual merit of literature.
Step 4: Elimination of incorrect options.
- (1) D. R. L. Nonglait — known for poetic works, not literary criticism.
- (2) Edreene Chyne — a modern scholar but not the source of this quote.
- (4) Alvareen Dkhar — focuses on education and linguistics rather than literary criticism.
Step 5: Conclusion.
Hence, the correct answer is J. S. Shangpliang, who defined literary criticism as a structured and analytical process.

Step 1: About the author.
U M. S. Kharsyntiew is one of the notable modern Khasi literary critics and educators.
His scholarly work has contributed to the study and appreciation of Khasi literature through analytical and critical writings.
Step 2: About the book.
His important contribution is the book “Ka Jingbishar Bniah ïa ka Literature Khasi”.
This work presents detailed analysis, interpretation, and evaluation of Khasi literary writings from various periods.
Step 3: Significance of the book.
The book explores the growth of Khasi literature, its thematic richness, and its cultural essence.
It also serves as an academic guide for students and teachers studying literary theory in the Khasi context.
Step 4: Elimination of incorrect options.
- (2) “Ki Syrwet Jingbai” — not related to literary criticism.
- (3) “Ki Khyndai Jylla” — deals with geography and folklore.
- (4) “Ka Jingbishar ïa ka Shangkha-wiah ki Rang” — different thematic focus.
Step 5: Conclusion.
Hence, the correct answer is (1) Ka Jingbishar Bniah ïa ka Literature Khasi, which is Kharsyntiew’s major critical work.