Biotechnology And Biomedical Techniques

The resolving power of a microscope is mainly due to the objective lens which determines the clarity and detail of the image by focusing light through the specimen

Step 1: Recall components of instrumentation.
An instrumentation system converts a physical quantity into a readable signal. Steps include: energy → sensing → measurement → signal processing → display.
Step 2: Arrange sequence.
- (A) Energy source: Provides required excitation.
- (E) Transducer/Sensor: Converts physical parameter into electrical signal.
- (D) Measurement: The raw data is measured and recorded.
- (B) Signal processing: Data amplified, filtered, digitized.
- (C) Display system: Final results shown to operator.
Step 3: Verify.
Sequence is A → E → D → B → C.
Step 4: Conclusion.
Correct order is option (A).

Step 1: Recall biomedical signals and their origins.
- Electromyogram measures muscle electrical activity → Muscular System.
- Blood pressure is a measure of cardiac output and vascular resistance → Cardiovascular System.
- Respiratory parameters such as tidal volume and rate are linked to → Pulmonary System.
- Electroculogram records eye movements by detecting potential differences → Ocular System.
Step 2: Match correctly.
A → III, B → IV, C → I, D → II.
Step 3: Verify options.
Option (C) matches all associations correctly.
Step 4: Conclusion.
Hence, Electromyogram - Muscular System, Blood Pressure - Cardiovascular, Respiratory Parameters - Pulmonary, Electroculogram - Ocular.

Step 1: Recall importance of proteins in physiology.
Proteins are essential for multiple functions including coagulation, immunity, transport, and enzymatic activity.
The liver synthesizes clotting factors (proteins). Their deficiency can be assessed by coagulation tests.
Step 2: Analyze each test.
- (A) Prothrombin time test: Measures clotting ability, dependent on adequate protein (clotting factor) synthesis in liver. It reflects availability of proteins for physiological functioning.
- (B) Bile acid breath test: Evaluates bile acid malabsorption, not protein status.
- (C) Hydrogen breath test: Used to diagnose lactose intolerance, not protein status.
- (D) D-Xylose tolerance test: Measures carbohydrate absorption, not protein.
Step 3: Conclusion.
The correct test to evaluate protein availability for physiological functions is Prothrombin time test.

Step 1: Recall principle of colorimetry.
A colorimeter measures the absorbance of light by a coloured solution. The amount of light absorbed is proportional to the concentration of the solution, according to Beer-Lambert’s law.
Step 2: Which region is used?
Color is a property of visible light, which lies between wavelengths of 400–700 nm. Hence, a colorimeter works in the visible spectrum.
Step 3: Exclude incorrect options.
- (A) Infrared: Used in IR spectroscopy, not in colorimetry.
- (B) Ultraviolet: Used in UV spectrophotometry.
- (C) Visible: Correct, since colorimetry measures absorption in the visible region.
- (D) Microwave: Used in communication and radar, not in photometry.
Step 4: Conclusion.
Colorimetric determination involves measurement in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Step 1: Recall the classification of lipoproteins.
- lipoproteins = Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL)
- Pre- lipoproteins = Very Low Density Lipoproteins (VLDL)
- Broad lipoproteins = Intermediate Density Lipoproteins (IDL)
- Combination of and Pre- suggests presence of both LDL and VLDL.
Step 2: Match them correctly.
- A. Increased lipoproteins LDL (III).
- B. Increased and Pre- lipoproteins LDL + VLDL (IV).
- C. Broad lipoproteins IDL (II).
- D. Increased Pre- lipoproteins VLDL (I).
Step 3: Conclusion.
The correct match is: A - III, B - IV, C - II, D - I.

Step 1: Understand transgenic species products.
Scientists use transgenic animals to produce therapeutic proteins. Each animal species can be genetically engineered to express specific products in their milk or eggs.
Step 2: Match correctly.
- Cow → Lactoferrin (IV): Lactoferrin is produced from cow’s milk.
- Goat → Antithrombin II (I): Goats have been engineered to produce this anticoagulant protein in their milk.
- Sheep → Fibrinogen (III): Sheep are used to produce blood-clotting factors like fibrinogen.
- Chicken → Insulin (II): Chickens have been explored for producing insulin in eggs.
Step 3: Verify with options.
Option (A) matches all correctly.
Step 4: Conclusion.
The correct match is Cow - IV, Goat - I, Sheep - III, Chicken - II.

Step 1: Recall glycolysis sequence.
Glycolysis begins with glucose, a hexose, and stepwise converts it into pyruvate, generating ATP and NADH.
Step 2: Major stages.
- First, glucose is converted into hexose phosphates (C).
- These are split into triose phosphates (A).
- The triose phosphates undergo rearrangements leading to formation of 2-phosphoglycerate (D).
- 2-phosphoglycerate is then converted to phosphoenolpyruvate (B).
- Finally, phosphoenolpyruvate is converted to pyruvate (E).
Step 3: Checking options.
Option (D) correctly follows the sequence: C → A → D → B → E.
Step 4: Conclusion.
The correct sequence of glycolysis is Hexose Phosphates → Triose Phosphates → 2-Phosphoglycerate → Phosphoenolpyruvate → Pyruvate.

Concept: Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) is a hormone produced by the trophoblastic cells of the placenta during pregnancy. It plays a key role in maintaining the corpus luteum and supporting progesterone production in early pregnancy. The level of hCG rises rapidly during the first trimester and is commonly used as a marker for pregnancy detection.
Step 1: Identify the period when hCG levels are highest.

• 4–5 weeks – hCG begins to rise.
• 8–10 weeks – hCG reaches its peak concentration.
• 16–18 weeks – hCG levels begin to decline.
• 24–26 weeks – hCG stabilizes at lower levels.

Therefore, the peak level of hCG occurs around 8–10 weeks of pregnancy.

Concept: Galactosemia is a genetic metabolic disorder caused by the deficiency of the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT). This enzyme is required for the normal metabolism of galactose, a sugar derived from lactose. When the enzyme is deficient, galactose-1-phosphate accumulates in the body, leading to toxic effects, especially in the liver, brain, and eyes.
Step 1: Identify the disorder caused by deficiency of galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase.

• Phenylketonuria – Caused by deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase.
• Galactosemia – Caused by deficiency of galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase.
• Alkaptonuria – Caused by deficiency of homogentisic acid oxidase.
• Maple Syrup Urine Disease – Caused by deficiency of branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase.

Therefore, the correct answer is Galactosemia.

Concept: A cryostat is a device used in histology to cut thin sections of frozen tissue for rapid microscopic examination. These frozen sections require quick fixation to preserve cellular structure and prevent tissue degradation. Acetone is commonly used as a fixative for cryostat sections because it acts rapidly and preserves antigenicity, which is important for immunohistochemistry.
Step 1: Identify the fixative suitable for frozen sections.

• Formalin – Common fixative for routine paraffin sections.
• Alcohol – Used in cytology and some histological preparations.
• Acetone – Ideal rapid fixative for cryostat (frozen) sections.
• Bouin's Fixative – Used for specific histological tissues but not frozen sections.

Therefore, the correct answer is Acetone.