Ancient Civilization

Step 1: Recall Mesopotamian contributions.
Ziggurats were temple towers built by Sumerians.
The Lamassu (winged bull with human head) was a protective deity of Assyrians.
The Stele of Hammurabi (Babylonian king) contains one of the earliest law codes.
Cylinder seals were developed by Akkadians for stamping and identification.
Step 2: Correct matching.
(A) Ziggurat → I (Sumerians)
(B) Assyrian Lamassu → II (Assyrians)
(C) Stele of Hammurabi → III (Babylonian)
(D) Cylinder Seals → IV (Akkadian)
Step 3: Verification.
This matches option (D).
Step 4: Conclusion.
Hence, the correct answer is (D) A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV.

Step 1: Recall Roman figures.
Augustus was the first Roman emperor.
Cicero was a famous Roman statesman and orator.
Marcus Aurelius was a Roman emperor and Stoic philosopher.
Step 2: Analyze each option.
(A) Augustus: Correct, belongs to Rome.
(B) Pompeii: Incorrect. Pompeii was not a person but a Roman city destroyed by Mount Vesuvius in 79 CE.
(C) Cicero: Correct, one of the greatest Roman intellectuals.
(D) Marcus Aurelius: Correct, a Roman emperor and philosopher.
Step 3: Elimination.
Any option including B (Pompeii as a scholar) is wrong. Hence (A), (C), and (D) remain correct.
Step 4: Conclusion.
Therefore, the correct answer is (B) A, C and D only.

Step 1: Understanding Harappan city planning.
The cities of the Indus Valley Civilization (like Mohenjodaro, Harappa, Kalibangan) were divided into two main sections: the “Citadel” and the “Lower Town.”
Step 2: Features of the Citadel.
The Citadel was the elevated part of the city, built on a raised platform. It housed important public buildings such as the Great Bath, granaries, and assembly halls. It symbolized authority and protection during floods.
Step 3: Option analysis.
- (A) Lower part: Refers to the residential areas, not the citadel.
- (B) Middle part: Harappan cities were divided mainly into two zones, so “middle part” is not correct.
- (C) Upper part: Correct, the citadel was the raised upper portion.
- (D) River part: Harappan settlements were often near rivers but “citadel” is not the river part.
Step 4: Conclusion.
The Citadel refers to the fortified upper part of Harappan cities.

Step 1: Indus Valley sculptures.
The Indus Valley Civilization produced a variety of sculptures in stone, terracotta, and metal.
The most famous among these is the bronze figure known as the “Dancing Girl.”
Step 2: Dancing Girl statue.
The Dancing Girl is a 4,000-year-old bronze statue found at Mohenjo-daro.
It was made using the “lost wax” technique, showing advanced metallurgical skills of the Indus people.
Step 3: Option analysis.
- (A) Priest-King: Made of steatite (stone), not metal.
- (B) Dancing Girl: Correct. This is a bronze statue.
- (C) Mother Goddess: Made of terracotta, not metal.
- (D) Nude male statue: Made of stone, not metal.
Step 4: Conclusion.
The “Dancing Girl” is the only famous Indus Valley sculpture made of metal.

Step 1: About the Ishtar Gate.
The Ishtar Gate was one of the eight gates of the inner city of Babylon.
It was built around 575 BCE by King Nebuchadnezzar II.
Step 2: Features of the gate.
The gate was made of glazed bricks with reliefs of lions, dragons, and bulls, representing gods Ishtar, Marduk, and Adad.
It is considered a masterpiece of Babylonian architecture.
Step 3: Option analysis.
- (A) Caldians: Incorrect, though Babylonians and Chaldeans were related, this gate is specifically Babylonian.
- (B) Assyrian: Famous for palaces and lamassu sculptures, not Ishtar Gate.
- (C) Sumerians: Much earlier civilization, not linked to Ishtar Gate.
- (D) Babylonians: Correct. The Ishtar Gate belongs to Babylonian civilization.
Step 4: Conclusion.
The Ishtar Gate is a creation of the Babylonian Civilization.

Step 1: About Harappan artifacts.
Mature Harappan culture (2600–1900 BCE) produced numerous terracotta objects, seals, and figurines depicting deities and symbols.
Step 2: Horned deity representation.
The depiction of a horned deity on terracotta cakes from Kalibangan suggests proto-Shiva or Pashupati worship.
Such iconography reflects early religious practices of fertility and nature worship.
Step 3: Option analysis.
- (A) Chanhudaro: Famous for bead-making, not horned deity terracotta.
- (B) Kalibangan: Correct. The terracotta cake with horned deity is found here.
- (C) Dholavira: Known for water reservoirs and urban planning, not this artifact.
- (D) Balakot: A smaller site, not associated with this discovery.
Step 4: Conclusion.
The terracotta cake with horned deity is found at Kalibangan.