Jainism

Step 1: Recall Jain Tirthankaras.
Rishabhadeva was the 1st Tirthankara, considered the founder.
Neminath was the 22nd Tirthankara.
Parshvanath was the 23rd Tirthankara.
Vardhamana Mahavira was the 24th and last Tirthankara.
Step 2: Since question asks “later to earlier.”
Later (recent) → Mahavira (A).
Then → Parshvanath (B).
Then → Neminath (C).
Earlier → Rishabhadeva (D).
Step 3: Verify with options.
This sequence matches option (A) A, B, C, D.
Step 4: Conclusion.
Correct answer is (A) A, B, C, D.

Step 1: Recall Mahavir’s life.
- Born in 599 BCE.
- Attained enlightenment at age 42.
- Delivered first sermon after enlightenment.
- Died in 527 BCE.
Step 2: Arrange in order.
First → Birth (A).
Second → Enlightenment (C).
Third → First sermon (B).
Fourth → Death (D).
Step 3: Verify with options.
This matches (C) A, C, B, D.
Step 4: Conclusion.
Correct answer is (C) A, C, B, D.

Step 1: Context of Gupta rulers.
The Gupta period (4th–6th century CE) is known for patronage of multiple religions including Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. Inscriptions play a key role in identifying their associations with various faiths.
Step 2: Budhagupta’s inscriptions.
The inscriptions of Budhagupta, found at places like Mathura and other Jain sites, provide evidence of Jainism’s prominence. These records indicate royal acknowledgment of Jain shrines and activities.
Step 3: Option-wise elimination.
- (A) Skandagupta: Famous for defending against Huns, but not associated with Jain records.
- (B) Budhagupta: Correct, as inscriptions mention Jain religion.
- (C) Purugupta: Less inscriptional evidence regarding Jainism.
- (D) Jivitagupta: More associated with late Gupta rulers, not Jain inscriptions.
Step 4: Conclusion.
Budhagupta’s inscriptions specifically mention Jain religion, making him the correct answer.

Step 1: Understanding Ayagpatta.
An Ayagpatta is a votive tablet commonly found in Jain archaeological sites.
It is used for ritual offerings and usually contains symbols such as Swastika, lotus, and couples (Mithuna).
Step 2: Ayagpatta of Mathura.
At Mathura, several Ayagpattas have been discovered dating back to the Kushana period.
They were associated with Jain worship practices and represent important artifacts of Jain art.
Step 3: Option analysis.
- (A) Buddhism: Incorrect. Buddhist stupas and railings used different symbolic panels, not Ayagpatta.
- (B) Jainism: Correct. Ayagpattas are directly connected with Jain rituals.
- (C) Shaivism: Not related, as Shaiva tradition has Shiva Lingas.
- (D) Vaishnavism: Involves worship of Vishnu, not connected with Ayagpattas.
Step 4: Conclusion.
The Ayagpatta bearing Swastika and Meen-Mithuna from Mathura is associated with Jainism.

Step 1: Meaning of Tirthankar.
In Jainism, a Tirthankar is a spiritual teacher who has attained enlightenment and shows the path of liberation to others.
The term literally means “Ford-maker,” one who helps others cross over the ocean of worldly life (samsara).
Step 2: Role of Tirthankaras.
There are 24 Tirthankaras in Jain tradition.
They establish the fourfold Jain Sangha: monks, nuns, laymen, and laywomen.
Each Tirthankar preaches about truth, non-violence (ahimsa), and detachment from worldly desires.
Step 3: Option analysis.
- (A) Spiritual teacher: Correct. A Tirthankar is a spiritual guide leading others to salvation.
- (B) Conquers of desires: While Tirthankaras conquer desires, the term emphasizes teaching rather than only conquest.
- (C) Monastic disciples: Incorrect. Disciples are followers, not teachers.
- (D) A worshipper: Incorrect, as Tirthankaras are worshipped, not the worshippers.
Step 4: Conclusion.
Hence, the term Tirthankar denotes a spiritual teacher.