Biological Bases Of Behavior

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is closely aligned with cognitive psychology, which studies how humans process information, solve problems, and make decisions. AI attempts to replicate these processes through computational models.

• Psychoanalytic and social approaches: Unrelated to AI.
• Behaviorism: Focuses on observable actions rather than internal cognitive mechanisms, making it less relevant to AI.

Electroencephalogram (EEG) measures brain electrical activity, and Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) records skin conductance changes due to arousal.

• EEG: Tracks electrical signals in the brain.
• GSR: Monitors changes in skin conductance linked to emotional or physiological arousal.
• Category: Both are physiological measures that monitor direct bodily responses.
• Contrast: Unlike self-reports or observational methods, these tools provide objective data.

The nervous system includes the following components:

• Somatic system: Responsible for voluntary control of movements.
• Sympathetic system: Part of the autonomic system, managing the "fight or flight" response.
• Central Nervous System (CNS): Comprising the brain and spinal cord.

Note: "Symbolic" is not a recognized part of the nervous system.

The sympathetic system triggers the “fight-or-flight” response during emergencies, causing:

• Heart rate: Increases to prepare for action.
• Pupils: Dilate to enhance vision.
• Blood flow: Redirected to muscles for immediate response.

In contrast, the parasympathetic system promotes the “rest-and-digest” state, reversing these effects to conserve energy and maintain homeostasis.

Dendrites receive signals from other neurons. In this analogy:

• TV Set’s Antennae: Corresponds to dendrites as it receives incoming signals.
• Transmitter and Transmitter’s Antenna: Send signals, analogous to axons.
• TV Set: Processes signals, similar to the neuron’s cell body.

During an action potential (the "firing" of a neuron), there is a rapid influx of sodium ions (Na+), causing the inside of the cell membrane to become temporarily positive relative to the outside. This process is known as depolarization.

• Key event: Sodium ions enter the neuron, reversing the membrane potential.
• Result: The inside of the cell becomes positive compared to the outside.
• Significance: Depolarization is essential for transmitting electrical signals along the neuron.

The central core of the brain (also known as the brainstem and associated structures) includes:

• Medulla: Controls vital functions like breathing and heart rate.
• Pons: Involved in sleep and arousal.
• Midbrain: Coordinates sensory and motor functions.
• Reticular formation: Regulates alertness and consciousness.
• Thalamus and hypothalamus: Parts of the forebrain that manage sensory relay and homeostasis, respectively.

Note: The temporal lobe is part of the cerebral cortex and is involved in higher-level cognitive processes, making it not part of the central core.

The correct sequence in the visual pathway is:

1. Light stimulates receptor cells: Rods and cones in the retina are activated by light.
2. Transmission to bipolar cells: The signals are transmitted to bipolar cells in the retina.
3. Ganglion cells: Receive the signals and their axons form the optic nerve.
4. Optic nerve: Carries the visual information to the brain for processing.