Textiles

Step 1: Understanding design elements.
Design elements include point, line, shape, and form, each representing different levels of visual perception.
Step 2: Differentiate between terms.
- Point: Indicates position, no dimension.
- Line: Has length and direction, but no volume.
- Shape: A 2D area enclosed by lines, flat in nature.
- Form: A 3D object with height, width, and depth; it has volume and thickness.
Step 3: Conclusion.
Thus, a 3-dimensional object having volume and thickness is known as Form.

Step 1: Understand each colour scheme.
- Analogous colours: Found adjacent to each other on the colour wheel (e.g., blue, blue-green, green).
- Complimentary colours: Opposite to each other on the colour wheel (e.g., red and green).
- Monochromatic colours: Variations of a single hue with different values (tints and shades).
- Hexad: A six-colour scheme evenly spaced on the colour wheel.
Step 2: Match with LIST-II.
- A → II (Analogous = adjacent colours).
- B → I (Complimentary = opposite colours).
- C → IV (Monochromatic = colour mix with different values).
- D → III (Hexad = six evenly spaced colours).
Step 3: Conclusion.
The correct match is A - II, B - I, C - IV, D - III.

Step 1: Recall double ikat.
In double ikat, both warp and weft yarns are resist-dyed before weaving.
When woven together, the patterns align perfectly to form intricate designs.
Step 2: Famous double ikat regions.
- Gujarat: Patola sarees (Patan).
- Odisha: Sambalpuri Ikat.
- Andhra Pradesh: Pochampally Ikat.
Step 3: Balance of warp and weft.
Since both warp and weft carry design and equal importance, double ikat is classified as a balance of warp and weft.
Step 4: Option analysis.
- (A) Balance of warp and weft: Correct.
- (B) Warp faced: Wrong, applies to warp-dominant designs.
- (C) Weft faced: Wrong, applies to weft-dominant designs.
- (D) Unbalance of warp and weft: Wrong, double ikat is balanced.
Step 5: Conclusion.
Thus, double ikat is a balanced weave of warp and weft.

Step 1: Understanding the term 'Green Gold'.
The term 'Green Gold' is used to describe a plant that has high economic value, is renewable, and has a wide range of uses.
Step 2: Analysis of options.
- Silk: Known as the 'Queen of Textiles,' but not referred to as 'Green Gold.'
- Bamboo: Correct. It grows rapidly, is eco-friendly, and is used in construction, furniture, paper, textiles, and handicrafts. Its economic and ecological importance gives it the title 'Green Gold.'
- Coir: Refers to fibre from coconut husk, used in mats and ropes, but not called 'Green Gold.'
- Cotton: Called 'White Gold' in India due to its agricultural and economic importance, not 'Green Gold.'
Step 3: Conclusion.
Therefore, Bamboo is popularly called 'Green Gold.'

Step 1: Understanding resist printing.
Resist style of printing is a method where certain portions of the fabric are covered with a resist material (wax, mud, paste, or tied threads) so that dyes cannot penetrate those areas. After dyeing, the resist is removed, leaving behind unique patterns.
Step 2: Batik.
Batik uses wax as a resist. Wax is applied on specific areas, fabric is dyed, then wax is removed, leaving resist patterns. Thus, Batik is a resist method.
Step 3: Tie and Dye.
In tie and dye, threads or strings are tied tightly around sections of fabric. When dyed, tied portions resist the dye, producing characteristic circular or banded patterns. Thus, Tie and Dye is a resist technique.
Step 4: Dabu.
Dabu is a traditional Indian mud-resist printing technique, where mud mixed with resin and gum is applied on fabric, which resists dyes during coloring. After washing, beautiful patterns are revealed. Thus, Dabu is also a resist style.
Step 5: Digital printing.
Digital printing involves inkjet technology to directly print colors onto fabric. It does not use any resist material and therefore is not a resist printing style.
Step 6: Conclusion.
Hence, Batik (A), Tie and Dye (B), and Dabu (C) fall under resist printing, while Digital (D) does not.

Step 1: Understanding dye fixing.
After printing a fabric, the dyes must be fixed onto fibers so that the design remains permanent and resists washing or rubbing. Dye fixation is done through physical or chemical methods that improve dye-fiber bonding.
Step 2: Baking.
Baking is a method where the fabric is heated in ovens at controlled temperatures. This heat helps to fix pigment binders and resins onto the fibers, ensuring permanence of color. Thus, baking is a dye fixing method.
Step 3: Pad-batch method.
The pad-batch technique involves padding the fabric with dye liquor and batching (rolling up) the fabric for several hours. During this time, dye molecules diffuse and react with fibers, leading to fixation. Thus, pad-batch is also a dye fixing method.
Step 4: Ageing.
In ageing, printed fabric is passed through a chamber of steam at controlled temperature and humidity. The steam helps in fixation of dyes, particularly reactive dyes, onto cellulosic fibers. Thus, ageing is another valid dye fixing method.
Step 5: Reduction.
Reduction, on the other hand, is a step used in vat dyeing or after dyeing processes to solubilize dyes. It is not a fixing method used after printing.
Step 6: Conclusion.
Hence, the correct methods of dye fixation after printing are Baking (A), Pad-batch (B), and Ageing (D).

Step 1: Shedding.
Shedding is the first step where warp threads are separated into two layers to form a shed.
Step 2: Picking.
In this step, the weft yarn is inserted through the shed.
Step 3: Beating.
The newly inserted weft is pushed into place by the reed to make the fabric compact.
Step 4: Taking up and letting off.
The woven fabric is wound onto the cloth beam (taking up) while new warp is released from the warp beam (letting off).
Step 5: Conclusion.
Thus, the correct sequence of weaving steps is A → B → C → D.

Step 1: Understanding wash fastness.
Wash fastness is the ability of a dyed fabric to retain its color when subjected to repeated washing with detergents and soaps. A fabric with high wash fastness does not bleed or fade easily during laundering.
Step 2: Instruments for different fastness tests.
- Crock meter is used to test rubbing fastness (how color resists rubbing).
- Xenon Arc lamp is used to test light fastness (resistance against sunlight/artificial light).
- Launderometer is used for wash fastness, as it simulates washing conditions (detergent, temperature, agitation).
- Spirometer is a medical device used for lung capacity measurement, unrelated to textiles.
Step 3: Why Launderometer?
The Launderometer subjects fabric samples to controlled washing cycles in solutions of soap/detergent at specified temperature and time. The change in color and staining is then assessed using grey scales.
Step 4: Conclusion.
Hence, Launderometer is the correct instrument used to test wash fastness of dyes.

Step 1: Block printing.
Block printing uses small wooden blocks, so the repeat size is the smallest.
Step 2: Screen printing.
Screen printing allows for larger repeats than block printing but still limited compared to rotary and roller.
Step 3: Rotary printing.
Rotary screen printing uses cylindrical screens, allowing much larger design repeats.
Step 4: Roller printing.
Roller printing has the largest continuous repeat capability, as rollers can carry long engravings.
Step 5: Conclusion.
Order from small to big is A (Block) → B (Screen) → C (Rotary) → D (Roller).

Step 1: Understand the role of Glauber’s salt.
Glauber’s salt is sodium sulphate decahydrate (Na₂SO₄·10H₂O). It is a common inorganic salt used in the dyeing industry, especially in dye baths with acid dyes and direct dyes.
Step 2: Levelling agent function.
The primary purpose of Glauber’s salt is to act as a levelling agent. A levelling agent ensures that the dye molecules are distributed evenly throughout the fabric, avoiding patchy or uneven dyeing. It slows down the dye absorption by the fiber so that the dye can penetrate more uniformly.
Step 3: Why other options are wrong.
- Oxidising: Glauber’s salt does not oxidize dyes or fibers.
- Adding: This is not a technical term related to dyeing auxiliaries.
- Subtracting: Also not a dyeing-related role.
Only “Levelling” is correct.
Step 4: Conclusion.
Thus, Glauber’s salt acts as a levelling agent in dyeing with acid dyes.

Step 1: Understanding Ikat.
Ikat is a dyeing technique used to pattern textiles where yarns are dyed before weaving. Double Ikat involves both warp and weft threads being resist-dyed before weaving, which makes it very complex.
Step 2: Regional practices.
- Patan, Gujarat is famous for Patola, another form of double Ikat.
- Orissa is known for Sambalpuri Ikat.
- Andhra Pradesh, particularly Pochampalli, is renowned for its geometric double Ikat designs called \textit{Telia Rumal}.
Step 3: Conclusion.
Thus, the correct location for double Ikat Telias in Andhra Pradesh is Pochampalli.

Step 1: Understanding viscose rayon.
Viscose rayon is a regenerated cellulose fibre, produced by chemically treating wood pulp or cotton linters.
The process involves several sequential chemical operations to convert cellulose into viscose solution and then into fibres.
Step 2: Stages of the process.
- Shredding: Cellulose pulp sheets are shredded into small pieces to increase surface area.
- Ageing: The shredded pulp is exposed to oxygen to reduce molecular weight for easier processing.
- Xanthating: Cellulose reacts with carbon disulphide to form cellulose xanthate.
- Ripening: The viscose solution is allowed to ripen to achieve proper viscosity for spinning.
Step 3: Correct sequence.
Thus, the correct order is: Shredding → Ageing → Xanthating → Ripening.
Step 4: Conclusion.
Therefore, the correct option is (2) C, B, D, A.

Step 1: Understanding Hound’s tooth pattern.
Hound’s tooth is a distinctive textile pattern characterized by broken checks or abstract four-pointed shapes.
It is created by the arrangement of light and dark coloured yarns in specific weave sequences.
Step 2: Analysis of options.
- Double cloth weave: Refers to fabrics made with two sets of warps and wefts, not relevant here.
- Extra weft: Adds decorative weft yarns, not the basis of hound’s tooth.
- Extra warp: Adds additional warp yarns for ornamentation, not the cause of this design.
- Colour and weave effect: Correct, as hound’s tooth is formed by the contrast of colour arrangement and weave order.
Step 3: Conclusion.
Therefore, hound’s tooth is an example of Colour and weave effect.

Step 1: Meaning of GI Tag.
The term GI stands for \textit{Geographical Indication}.
It is used to identify goods, products, or crafts which originate from a specific geographical region.
The GI tag ensures that the product has certain qualities, reputation, or characteristics directly linked to that origin.
Step 2: Legal Framework.
In India, GI tags are governed under the \textit{Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999}.
This Act came into force in 2003 and provides legal protection to products registered under GI.
For example, Darjeeling Tea was the first Indian product to get a GI tag.
Step 3: Analysis of the options.
(A) Geographical Index: Incorrect, because “Index” refers to a listing or measurement and not to certification of origin.
(B) Geography Index: Incorrect, since this is not a recognized terminology in international or Indian law.
(C) Geographical Indicator: Correct, because it is the globally accepted full form of GI tag.
(D) Geography Indicator: Incorrect, as “Geography Indicator” is not a legal or standard term.
Step 4: Conclusion.
Therefore, the correct full form of GI tag is Geographical Indicator, which gives recognition and protection to products linked with their place of origin.

Step 1: Background on carpet weaving in India.
India is the world’s largest producer of hand-knotted carpets, and carpet weaving is a centuries-old tradition.
The craft flourished during the Mughal period and developed into regional specializations.
Step 2: Analysis of each location.
- Jaipur: Famous for traditional designs and Indo-Persian styles of carpet weaving.
- Mirzapur (Uttar Pradesh): Known as one of the biggest carpet-weaving centers in India.
- Assam: Not a major center for woven carpets. Assam is famous for silk weaving, especially Muga and Eri silk, not carpets.
- Bhadoi (Uttar Pradesh): Known as the “Carpet City of India,” producing world-famous hand-knotted carpets and rugs.
Step 3: Elimination.
Since Assam is not a major carpet-producing region, any option including “C” is incorrect.
Thus, the correct combination must include Jaipur (A), Mirzapur (B), and Bhadoi (D).
Step 4: Conclusion.
Therefore, the correct answer is A, B, and D only.

Step 1: Understanding the question.
The embroidery style of Gujarat mentioned here involves the use of small mirrors (shisha or abhla) stitched into fabric with decorative embroidery stitches.
Step 2: Identify the correct term.
This style is popularly called “Abhla Bharat” where “Abhla” means “mirror”. It is one of the most vibrant embroidery traditions of Gujarat.
Step 3: Why not others.
- Moti Bharat: Uses beadwork, not mirror work.
- Kachcho Bharat: Refers to embroidery done with untwisted floss silk.
- Soof Bharat: Characterized by geometrical patterns with satin stitch on the reverse side of fabric.
Step 4: Conclusion.
Hence, the embroidery using mirror work is called “Abhla Bharat”.

Step 1: Match Dabka.
Dabka refers to a thin coiled wire of gold or silver, used in rich zardozi embroidery. Hence A → III.
Step 2: Match Gabbas.
Gabbas are floor coverings, usually made of old woolen or cotton cloth patched together. Hence B → II.
Step 3: Match Gyasar.
Gyasar is a satin woven brocade fabric with elaborate patterns, often used in Buddhist monasteries. Hence C → IV.
Step 4: Match Kunjar.
Kunjar means elephant pattern in Gujarati terminology. Hence D → I.
Step 5: Conclusion.
Thus, the correct matches are: A - III, B - II, C - IV, D - I.

Step 1: What is printing paste?
Printing paste is a semi-solid medium that carries dyes/pigments and other auxiliaries used in textile printing. It ensures the controlled transfer of color onto the fabric surface in desired patterns.
Step 2: Components of printing paste.
- Dyestuff (A): Provides the actual color.
- Thickener (B): Controls viscosity and prevents spreading of dye. Common thickeners include starch, alginates, gums.
- Hygroscopic agent (C): Ensures proper moisture content during steaming/fixation. Example: Urea.
- Auxiliary chemical (D): Includes oxidizing agents, crosslinkers, binders, dispersing agents depending on dye class.
Step 3: Importance of all four.
Without dyestuff there is no color, without thickener printing loses sharpness, without hygroscopic agents fixation is uneven, and without auxiliaries dye performance may be poor. Hence all four are essential.
Step 4: Conclusion.
Thus, the correct composition of printing paste contains A, B, C and D.

Step 1: Match Kashida.
Kashida embroidery originates from Jammu and Kashmir. It is famous for colorful floral, bird, and paisley motifs done with simple stitches. Hence A → IV.
Step 2: Match Kasuti.
Kasuti is a highly intricate traditional embroidery from Karnataka, usually seen on sarees like Ilkal and Dharwad. Hence B → II.
Step 3: Match Sujani.
Sujani embroidery comes from Bihar. It involves using old cloths as a base, with embroidery narrating folk tales or social messages. Hence C → I.
Step 4: Match Lambadi.
Lambadi or Banjara embroidery belongs to Andhra Pradesh, practiced by the Lambadi tribal women. It is known for mirrors, bright colors, and geometric motifs. Hence D → III.
Step 5: Conclusion.
So, the correct matching is: A - IV, B - II, C - I, D - III.

Step 1: Role of fashion forecasting.
Fashion forecasting agencies predict upcoming trends in color, fabric, design, and consumer behavior to guide designers and brands in creating collections.
Step 2: Key forecasting agencies.
- Promostyl: International trend forecasting agency from France.
- Here and There: Recognized for global trend insights and fashion future analysis.
- WGSN: World’s largest and most influential fashion trend forecasting service.
- The Doneger Group: US-based trend analysis and forecasting company.
Step 3: Option analysis.
Since all four listed agencies provide global forecasting services, the correct choice must include A, B, C, and D.
Step 4: Conclusion.
Thus, the correct answer is (3) A, B, C and D only.

Step 1: Understanding Pantone standards.
Pantone provides universal color standards for industries. TCX stands for "Textile Cotton eXtended".
Step 2: Why cotton?
In TCX, the standard swatches are dyed on cotton fabric to give an accurate reference of how the shade looks on textiles.
Step 3: Option analysis.
- (A) Paper: Pantone uses paper for graphic color guides (TPX, not TCX).
- (B) Wool: Not used as a universal base.
- (C) Cotton: Correct, TCX is always dyed on cotton.
- (D) Polyester: Not used in TCX.
Step 4: Conclusion.
Pantone TCX swatches are dyed on cotton.