Modern Indian Art Groups

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:
This question requires matching major schools and artists' groups of modern Indian art with a key artist associated with each.

Step 3: Detailed Explanation:
(A) Bengal School: Nandalal Bose was a star pupil of Abanindranath Tagore and one of the most important artists and teachers of the Bengal School. He later headed the Kala Bhavana at Santiniketan. So, (A) matches (III).
(B) Baroda Art School: K.G. Subramanyan was a pivotal figure at the Faculty of Fine Arts in Baroda for many decades. His teaching and artistic practice profoundly shaped the identity of the Baroda School. So, (B) matches (II).
(C) Calcutta Group: Prodosh Das Gupta, a sculptor, was one of the founders and a leading member of the Calcutta Group, which was formed in 1943. So, (C) matches (IV).
(D) Group 1890: J. Swaminathan was the main ideologue, founder, and spokesperson for Group 1890. He wrote the group's manifesto. So, (D) matches (I).

Step 4: Final Answer:
The correct matching sequence is (A) - (III), (B) - (II), (C) - (IV), (D) - (I).

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:
The question asks to match important modern Indian art groups and institutions with their correct year or period of foundation. Note that some years in the options are approximations.

Step 3: Detailed Explanation:
(A) Calcutta Group: This was one of the earliest modern artist groups in India, founded in 1943. So, (A) matches (IV).
(B) The Progressive Artists' Group (PAG): The influential PAG was founded in Bombay (now Mumbai) in 1947. The closest year in the options is 1946, which is likely an approximation used for the question. So, (B) matches (III).
(C) Group 1890: This group was formed in 1962 and held its first and only exhibition in 1963. The year of the exhibition is often used as its key date. So, (C) matches (II).
(D) Baroda Art School: The Faculty of Fine Arts at Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda was established in 1950. The option "Late 1950s" represents the period when it gained significant prominence and its unique identity was formed, making it the most plausible, albeit general, match. So, (D) matches (I).

Step 4: Final Answer:
The best fit for the matches is (A) - (IV), (B) - (III), (C) - (II), (D) - (I).

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:
The question asks to identify the leader and main ideologue of the short-lived but influential artists' collective, Group 1890.

Step 2: Detailed Explanation:
Group 1890 was formed in 1962 in Bhavnagar, Gujarat. The group, comprising twelve artists, sought to create an art that was modern and authentically Indian, independent of both the Bengal School's revivalism and the Western academic styles. The name "Group 1890" came from the house number of J. Pandya, where the group's manifesto was written. The artist, writer, and activist J. Swaminathan was the group's founder, leader, and chief spokesperson. He wrote their manifesto and was the driving intellectual force behind their vision of a "living, struggling Indian art." While Jeram Patel was a prominent member, Swaminathan was the undisputed leader. K.C.S. Paniker was associated with the Cholamandal Artists' Village in Madras and was not part of this group.

Step 3: Final Answer:
Group 1890 was formed under the leadership of J. Swaminathan.