Reading Comprehension

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Kathakali is a classical dance form which originated in Kerala. Katha in Sanskrit means story and kali in Malayalam means play. So Kathakali is a play based on a story. Kathakali, like other classical dances of India, has its origins in Bharata Muni's Natyasastra. It is an art which has evolved from many social and religious theatrical art forms like Cakiarottu, Kudiattam, Krsnattam, Ramattam which existed in the Southern region in ancient times. The main custodian of Kathakali is the famous poet Vallathol Narayan Menon who established Kerala Kalamandalamin in 1930 for the preservation of this art form.
Kathakali, a stylised art form, is a blend of dance music and acting and dramatizes stories mostly adapted from the Indian epics. All the four aspects of abhinaya - angika, vacika, aharya, Sattrika and the three components of the dance - natya, nrtta and nrtya are unified flawlessly in this form. As far as the costume of this dance form is concerned, it is elaborate and designed to heighten the effect of physical strength. The large overcoats, the flawing scarves, the bulging skirts, the antique ornaments, the strikingly opulent head dresses with streaming hair flowing down to the waist and covering the back all create enlarged figures well benefitting the sculptured facial features and produce tremendously impressive impersonations. If the characters are Sattvika (a righteous character or hero), the basic make up is pacca (green); if the characters are rajsika (a character with particular vices or anti hero) the basic make up is cutti (white); and if the characters are tamsika (an evil character or villian), the basic green make up is broken up by red patches. Also, on the basic green make up, an oral red and white design is made on the nose and on the upper nose.

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The moral code of the people is an indicator of their social and spiritual ways of life. The true essence of human life is to live amidst wordly joy and sorrows. Ethics is primarily concerned with the moral issues of the world. True religion lays stress on moral virtues. People are required to discharge their duties according to the moral code of ethics. A true knowledge of ethics would be attained if one practices and imbibes these moral values. Ethics is of two kinds individuals and social. Individual ethics is indicative of the good qualities that are essential for individual well-being of the good qualities that are essential for individual well-being and happiness. Social ethics represents the values that are needed for social order and harmony.
In the knowledge tradition of India ethics has its origin in its religious and philosophical thinking. From time immemorial, various religious faiths have flourished here. Every religious and every philosophical system of India has a prominent ethical component. Ethics is the core of all these systems. In every religious tradition, good moral conduct is considered essential for a happy and contented life.

The arena is also described in the Mallapurāṇa. It is not the mat as is used to-day. The arena is known as ākhādhaka. It is high, levelled and low. Its dimensions are three devamāna (101 hastas or cubits), daityamāna (50 hastas) and martyamāna (21 hastas). It is square, triangular and circular. The earth with kankar, iron, wood, stone, thorn etc. should be avoided. It appears that the general dimension was 21 hastas which is equal to about 30 feet, and the devamāna and daityamāna seem to be more for rhetorics rather than actual use. The earth must be pleasing to see and as soft as that required for seed-laying and should be a hand high and levelled. It should be worshipped and Hari should be placed there and a bījapūraka be placed in the center of the arena. After worshiping 'Govinda' the king should see the wrestling.

India even now possesses a wealth of manuscripts running into many millions. Tradi- tionally, they were written on materials such as birch bark (bh¯urja pattra) and palm leaves. Birch bark was mainly used for north Indian scripts, and the writing was done with ink made of finely ground charcoal powder in a medium of gum, or soot from oil lamps. With palm leaves, there was no ink; rather, a sharp point was used to tear the leaf’s surface film; it would then be smeared with a paste of charcoal powder mixed in oil.
The art of paper making was introduced into India by the 11th century CE, perhaps from China through Nepal. The earliest extant Indian paper manuscript is dateable to 1105 CE; it was made from the fibers of a mountain plant. By the later half of the 15th century, Kashmir was producing paper of attractive quality from the pulps of rags and hemp, with lime and soda added to whiten the pulp. Sialkot, Zafarabad, Patna, Murshidabad, Ahmedabad, Aurangabad and Mysore were among the well- known centers of paper production.