General Physiology

Step 1: Recall the function of bile salts.
Bile salts are amphipathic molecules synthesized in the liver from cholesterol and secreted into the intestine via bile.
Step 2: Mechanism of action.
They emulsify large fat globules into smaller micelles, increasing the surface area for lipase enzymes to act upon.
This process is crucial for fat digestion and absorption.
Step 3: Clarify misconceptions.
They do not digest fats directly or act on proteins or carbohydrates — they only assist by emulsification.
Step 4: Conclusion.
Hence, bile salts play a vital role in fat digestion by emulsification.

Step 1: Recall the hormonal basis of pregnancy detection.
During early pregnancy, the placenta secretes human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a glycoprotein hormone that maintains the corpus luteum and progesterone secretion.
Step 2: Basis of urine pregnancy tests.
Pregnancy test kits detect hCG in urine using immunoassay techniques. The presence of hCG confirms implantation and placental activity.
Step 3: Eliminate incorrect options.
(A) Progesterone and (C) Estrogen are ovarian hormones, not diagnostic of pregnancy in urine.
(B) FSH and LH are pituitary hormones suppressed during pregnancy.

Step 4: Conclusion.
Thus, the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in urine indicates pregnancy.