Ray Optics And Optical Instruments

Maximum lateral displacement is .

Dispersion of light is not associated with total internal reflection.

Rainbow is a phenomenon due to combined effect of dispersion, refraction and reflection.

Given,
Refractive index


Hence, 3 - 2 = 1 cm upwards.

An optical fiber is based on the total internal reflection,

Given,

Mirror equation can be represented as

The correct answer is D:99.40cm
From the formula of refraction at the spherical surface,

Since the image is real, it must be inverted and magnification ratio should be negative.
Mgnification
is the distance of object and and image distance is

Now using mirror formula

If a ray of light travelling from a denser to a rarer medium with angle of incidence same as critical angle, the ray will travel along the interface separating the two media.

Consider the type of lenses shown below:
For bi- Plano convex lens, focal length is given by

For plano-convex lens focal length is given by

Consider a parallel beam of light falling normally on a glass sphere.
One of the ray passes undeviated through center as shown, other ray follows the path ABDI and forms image , outside the sphere. and are normal to the spherical surfaces.

Given: (converging lens),

To get a unit magnification from a converging lens , i.e., convex lens, the object must be placed at

Answer (b) The perpendicular distance between the incident ray and the emergent ray

Answer (a) infinity, infinity and zero

Dispersion without deviation by combining two prisms of angles and with refractive indices and is given by

Here
From equation (i),

Answer (a) minutes

Total deviation produced by the combination of prisms

Step 1: Understand graded index fibers.
Graded index fibers have a varying refractive index that decreases from the center to the outer part of the fiber.
These fibers are used to improve signal transmission.
Step 2: Purity of the material.
Multimode graded index fibers are typically made from materials with higher purity than multimode step index fibers.
The higher purity reduces attenuation and increases signal clarity over longer distances.