Malware

Concept: Ransomware is a form of malicious software designed to deny users access to their systems or data until a ransom is paid, typically in cryptocurrency. It is one of the most damaging cyber threats affecting individuals, businesses, and governments. Step 1: {\color{red}What is Ransomware?}
Ransomware works by:

• Encrypting files or locking the system
• Displaying a ransom note demanding payment
• Threatening permanent data loss if payment is not made

Attackers often spread ransomware through phishing emails, malicious downloads, or software vulnerabilities.
Step 2: {\color{red}Prevention Method 1 — Regular Data Backups}
Maintaining frequent backups helps:

• Restore data without paying ransom
• Reduce business downtime

Backups should be stored offline or in secure cloud storage to avoid infection.
Step 3: {\color{red}Prevention Method 2 — Safe Cyber Practices}
Users can minimize risk by:

• Avoiding suspicious email attachments and links
• Keeping operating systems and software updated
• Using antivirus and firewall protection

Concept: Both viruses and worms are types of malware that replicate and spread, but they differ significantly in how they infect systems and propagate. The key differences lie in dependency, propagation method, and impact. Step 1: {\color{red}Dependency on Host}
A computer virus attaches itself to a legitimate program or file and requires that host to execute. It spreads when the infected file is opened or shared.
A worm, on the other hand, is a standalone program and does not require a host file to spread.
Step 2: {\color{red}Method of Spread}
Viruses typically spread through:

• Infected files (USB drives, downloads, email attachments)
• User actions such as running programs

Worms spread automatically through:

• Network vulnerabilities
• Internet connections and unsecured systems

Step 3: {\color{red}User Interaction Requirement}
Viruses usually require user intervention (e.g., opening a file or running software).
Worms require little or no user interaction and propagate automatically once inside a network.
Step 4: {\color{red}Impact on Systems}
Viruses often:

• Corrupt or modify files
• Damage software or data

Worms primarily:

• Consume network bandwidth
• Spread rapidly across multiple systems
• May install additional malicious payloads