Ancient Civilization

The kings of Champa were Shaivites, and Sanskrit was the official language of the kingdom. This reflects the influence of Indian culture and religion in Southeast Asia.

Amalananda Ghosh was the first archaeologist to identify continuities between pre-Harappan and mature Harappan cultures. His studies emphasized the evolution of cultural and urban practices in the Indus Valley Civilization.

Mature Harappan bricks commonly followed the 1:2:4 ratio for thickness, width, and length. This standardization facilitated construction and reflects the advanced planning and architectural knowledge of the Harappans.

The correct chronological sequence is:
(C) Earliest agricultural settlements in Baluchistan
(D) Pre-Harappan settlements in Cholistan (Pakistan)
(A) Mature Harappan culture
(B) Use of rice in Lothal.
This sequence reflects the gradual development of agricultural and urban settlements, beginning in Baluchistan, spreading to Cholistan, and culminating in the Harappan culture’s maturity and agricultural practices like rice cultivation in Lothal.

The Yavanajataka is a Sanskrit text that integrates Hellenistic astronomical and astrological ideas into Indian tradition. It serves as an example of cultural exchange between Greece and India during the early centuries CE.

Harappan trade relied on two-wheeled carts for inland transport and a network of trade routes connecting key settlements. The Khetri mines in Rajasthan were significant sources of copper, contrary to (C). Horses played a minimal role in Harappan society, as evidenced by archaeological records.

• Large reservoirs
• Step wells
• Channels for rainwater harvesting

• Harappa: Major urban center but not known for a stadium
• Mohenjo-daro: Known for the Great Bath
• Kalibangan: Known for fire altars

• Facilitated trade with distant regions like Mesopotamia
• Allowed ships to dock and load/unload goods
• Demonstrates advanced knowledge of tides and engineering

• Shows importance of sea trade in Harappan economy
• Reflects technological advancement

• Religious center: No major evidence
• Military fort: Not its primary function
• Agricultural settlement: Though present, not its defining feature