Anthropological

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:
The question asks to identify a group of anthropologists who belong to the same school of thought. This requires knowledge of the major theoretical movements in 20th-century American anthropology.
Step 2: Detailed Explanation:
- A. James Frazer: He was a Scottish anthropologist and a leading figure of 19th-century classical evolutionism. His work is characterized by the comparative method and armchair anthropology, which was later heavily criticized.
- B. Ruth Benedict, C. Margaret Mead, and D. A. Kardiner are all central figures in the Culture and Personality school of thought, which flourished in American anthropology in the 1930s and 1940s. This school, heavily influenced by Freudian psychology, explored the relationship between cultural patterns and individual personality formation. - Ruth Benedict (author of "Patterns of Culture") and Margaret Mead (author of "Coming of Age in Samoa") were students of Franz Boas and focused on how culture shapes personality. - Abram Kardiner was a psychoanalyst who collaborated closely with anthropologists like Ralph Linton to develop the concept of "basic personality structure," a core idea of this school.
Step 3: Final Answer:
Ruth Benedict, Margaret Mead, and A. Kardiner are all associated with the Culture and Personality school of thought. James Frazer belongs to an earlier and distinct school (classical evolutionism). Therefore, B, C, and D form the correct group.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:
The question asks to identify the specific village study through which the anthropologist McKim Marriott developed his influential concepts of "universalization" and "parochialization." These concepts describe the interaction between the "Great Tradition" (pan-Indian, often text-based Sanskritic Hinduism) and the "Little Tradition" (local, folk, and oral traditions) in Indian villages.
Step 2: Detailed Explanation:
- Universalization is the process by which elements of the Little Tradition (local customs, deities) are carried upward and incorporated into the Great Tradition.
- Parochialization is the opposite process, where elements of the Great Tradition are carried downward and transformed or reinterpreted within the context of the local Little Tradition.
- McKim Marriott formulated these concepts based on his intensive ethnographic fieldwork conducted in the 1950s in the village of Kishangarhi, located in the Aligarh district of Uttar Pradesh, India. His analysis was published in his famous essay "Little Communities in an Indigenous Civilization," which appeared in the edited volume "Village India: Studies in the Little Community" (1955).
- Other villages listed are associated with different anthropologists' studies (e.g., Rampura with M.N. Srinivas).
Step 3: Final Answer:
McKim Marriott's work on universalization and parochialization is based on his study of the village of Kishangarhi.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:
The question asks to identify the main areas of work associated with the anthropologist Harold Conklin. This requires knowledge of his key ethnographic research and theoretical contributions.
Step 2: Detailed Explanation:
Harold C. Conklin (1926-2016) was a leading American anthropologist, known as a founder of modern ecological anthropology and ethnoscience.
- B. Ifugao: Conklin is renowned for his extensive and meticulous ethnographic fieldwork among the Ifugao people in the mountains of Luzon, Philippines. His work on their complex system of rice terracing is a classic in anthropology.
- C. Indigenous agriculture: Conklin's research focused on understanding local systems of knowledge, particularly in relation to the environment. His work on Ifugao wet-rice cultivation and his earlier monograph "Hanunóo Agriculture" are landmark studies of indigenous agricultural systems and ethnoecology.
- D. Economy: The study of indigenous agriculture is fundamentally a study of that society's economy—how they produce, distribute, and consume resources. Conklin's work provided a deep analysis of the economic life of the Ifugao.
- A. Power: While social structure and power relations are part of any comprehensive ethnography, "Power" as a central theme is not what Conklin is primarily known for, unlike political anthropologists. His focus was more on ecology, knowledge, and economy.
Step 3: Final Answer:
Conklin's primary associations are his ethnographic work with the Ifugao (B), his focus on their indigenous agriculture (C), and the broader economic context of these practices (D). Therefore, B, C, and D are the correct associated topics.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:
This question requires matching significant anthropological/sociological studies or concepts related to Indian social groups with their respective authors.
Step 2: Detailed Explanation:
- A. Kamars of Madhya Pradesh: The classic ethnographic monograph "The Kamar" (1951), detailing the life of this tribe, was written by S.C. Dube. So, A matches with III.
- B. Khallu - Maler - Gosain: This refers to the ethnographic work on the Maler tribe of the Rajmahal hills in Jharkhand. The concept of the "Nature-Man-Spirit Complex" was developed through this study by L.P. Vidyarthi. Khallu and Gosain would be references from his fieldwork. So, B matches with IV.
- C. Jati influence by tribes of Orissa: N.K. Bose, in his influential work, particularly his paper "The Hindu Method of Tribal Absorption," extensively discussed how tribal groups in Orissa were integrated into the Hindu caste (Jati) society. So, C matches with II.
- D. Thakur landlords - Brahmin cook: This phrase encapsulates the process of Sanskritization, where a lower or middle-ranking group (like Thakur landlords in a village context) adopts the rituals and practices of a higher group (like Brahmins, signified by employing a Brahmin cook) to improve their own social status. This concept was famously developed by M.N. Srinivas. So, D matches with I.
Step 3: Final Answer:
The correct pairings are A-III, B-IV, C-II, D-I. This corresponds to option (B).

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:
The anthropologist Leslie White viewed culture as a system and proposed a model to analyze its different parts. His model is tripartite, consisting of three main components or subsystems.
Step 2: Detailed Explanation:
Leslie White's three components of culture are:
1. Technological subsystem: This is the base of the cultural system. It consists of the tools, techniques, and knowledge that people use to harness energy and interact with their environment. White believed this layer determines the form of the other two.
2. Sociological subsystem: This is the middle layer, which consists of the interpersonal relations expressed in patterns of behavior. It includes social institutions like kinship, political organization, and economic systems.
3. Ideological subsystem: This is the top layer, composed of ideas, beliefs, values, and knowledge. It includes religion, philosophy, art, and mythology.
Analyzing the options: - (A) Sociological aspect is a correct component. - (B) Economic aspect is considered a part of the sociological subsystem. - (C) Technological aspect is a correct component. - (D) Sentimental aspect is not a term used by White to describe one of his three main subsystems. While sentiments are part of culture, they would be included within the ideological subsystem, but "sentimental aspect" is not the name of the component itself.
Step 3: Final Answer:
"Sentimental aspect" is not one of the three core cultural components in Leslie White's theoretical model.