Textiles

Concept: Bluing is a finishing process used in laundering white fabrics to counteract yellowing and enhance the appearance of whiteness. A small amount of blue dye is added so that the fabric appears brighter. However, if too much blue is applied, the fabric may develop a bluish tint, which is referred to as over-bluing.
Step 1: Understand over-bluing.
Over-bluing occurs when excess blue dye remains on the fabric during the laundering process, giving the fabric an undesirable blue shade.
Step 2: Method of rectification.
To remove the excess blue dye, the fabric is rinsed in a dilute acid solution such as diluted acetic acid. The acid helps neutralize and remove the extra bluing from the fabric.
Step 3: Conclusion.
Therefore, the reagent used to correct over-bluing in white cotton fabrics is:

Concept: In the garment industry, different production systems are used to manufacture apparel efficiently. These systems determine how work is organized, how workers interact, and how quality control is maintained. The Modular Production System (MPS) emphasizes teamwork, flexibility, and shared responsibility among workers.
Step 1: Understand Modular Production System.
In a Modular Production System:

• Workers operate as a team or module.
• Each team member performs multiple tasks.
• The entire team is responsible for the quality and completion of garments.

This system encourages cooperation and improves efficiency.
Step 2: Compare with other systems.

• Progressive Bundle System – Work is divided into separate operations and passed in bundles.
• Individual Production System – One worker completes the garment independently.
• Unit Production System – Garments move individually through automated systems.

Step 3: Conclusion.
Since the production system that depends on teamwork and shared responsibility for quality is the Modular Production System, the correct answer is:

Concept: During wool processing, raw wool obtained from sheep contains impurities such as grease (lanolin), dirt, sweat, and dust. These impurities must be removed before further processing. The cleaning process used to remove these impurities is called Scouring.
Step 1: Understand Scouring.
Scouring is the process of washing raw wool in warm water with detergents or alkaline solutions to remove:

• Grease (lanolin)
• Dirt and dust
• Sweat and other impurities

Step 2: Differentiate from other wool processing steps.

• Shearing – Cutting the fleece from the sheep.
• Carding – Straightening and aligning the wool fibers.
• Spinning – Twisting fibers together to form yarn.

Step 3: Conclusion.
Since the process described involves washing wool to remove grease and dirt, it is known as:

Concept: In the Vedic age, clothing in India was generally unstitched and made from simple pieces of cloth draped around the body. Garments were categorized based on how they were worn on the body. Three commonly mentioned garments in ancient Indian texts are:

• Antariya – Lower garment
• Uttariya – Upper garment or draped cloth over the shoulders
• Kayabandh – Waist band used to secure garments

Step 1: Understand Antariya.
The Antariya was the lower garment worn in the Vedic period. It was usually wrapped around the waist and extended downwards, somewhat similar to a dhoti or skirt.
Step 2: Differentiate from other garments.

• Uttariya – A cloth draped over the upper body or shoulders.
• Angarakha – A stitched garment that appeared much later in Indian clothing history.
• Choli – A fitted blouse worn with traditional attire, developed in later periods.

Step 3: Conclusion.
Since the Antariya was the lower garment used during the Vedic age, the correct answer is:

Concept: Dyes are substances used to impart color to fibers, fabrics, or textiles. Different types of dyes interact with fibers in different ways. Reactive dyes are unique because they form a strong covalent bond with the fiber, which makes the color more durable and resistant to washing.
Step 1: Understand Reactive Dyes.
Reactive dyes chemically react with the functional groups present in fibers such as cotton, wool, or silk. During the dyeing process:

• The dye molecule reacts with the fiber.
• A covalent bond is formed between the dye and the fiber.

This chemical bonding makes the color highly stable.
Step 2: Compare with other dyes.

• Direct Dyes – Attach to fibers through physical attraction.
• Vat Dyes – Require chemical reduction before dyeing.
• Disperse Dyes – Mainly used for synthetic fibers like polyester.

Step 3: Conclusion.
Since reactive dyes form a covalent chemical bond with the fiber, the correct answer is: