Research Methodology

Concept: Measures of central tendency are statistical tools used to describe the center or typical value of a dataset. The three main measures are Mean, Median, and Mode. Among these, the Mean (Arithmetic Average) is highly sensitive to extreme values or outliers because it is calculated using all observations in the dataset.
Step 1: Understand the effect of extreme values on measures of central tendency.

• Median – Represents the middle value and is less affected by extreme values.
• Mode – Represents the most frequent value and is generally unaffected by outliers.
• Mean – Calculated using all values; extreme values significantly influence it.
• Quartile – Used to divide data into parts rather than measure central tendency.

Therefore, the measure most affected by extreme values is the Mean.

Concept: Satyashodhak Samaj (Society of Truth Seekers) was a social reform movement founded to promote social equality and fight against caste discrimination and social injustice in India. The organization aimed to secure equal rights for the lower castes and to promote education and social awareness among oppressed communities.
Step 1: Identify the social reformer who established Satyashodhak Samaj.

• Raja Ram Mohan Roy – Founder of Brahmo Samaj.
• Jyotirao Phule – Founder of Satyashodhak Samaj.
• Swami Vivekananda – Founder of Ramakrishna Mission.
• Mahatma Gandhi – Leader of the Indian freedom movement and social reformer.

Jyotirao Phule founded the Satyashodhak Samaj in 1873 in Maharashtra to promote social justice and challenge the dominance of the caste system. Thus, the correct answer is Jyotirao Phule.

Concept: Sampling is an important technique in social research used to select a subset of individuals from a population for study. A good sampling method ensures that the sample represents the population accurately. Simple Random Sampling is a probability sampling method where every member of the population has an equal and independent chance of being selected. This method reduces bias and increases the reliability of research results.
Step 1: Identify the sampling method that provides equal probability of selection.

• Stratified Sampling – Population divided into groups before sampling.
• Simple Random Sampling – Every member has an equal chance of selection.
• Purposive Sampling – Researcher selects participants based on judgment.
• Convenience Sampling – Participants selected based on ease of access.

Therefore, the correct answer is Simple Random Sampling.