Haloalkanes And Haloarenes

Step 1: Understanding the Finkelstein reaction.
The Finkelstein reaction is a halogen exchange reaction where alkyl chlorides or bromides react with sodium iodide (NaI) in acetone. In this reaction, the halide ion (Cl or Br ) is replaced by the iodide ion (I ).

Step 2: Identifying the correct reaction.
This type of reaction is specifically called the Finkelstein reaction.

Step 3: Conclusion.
The correct reaction is the Finkelstein reaction, which corresponds to option (1).

Step 1: Chemical equation.
The conversion involves the nucleophilic substitution of the chloride ion ( ) by an amine group ( ) to form an amine. The reaction is as follows:

Step 2: Conclusion.
This is a nucleophilic substitution reaction where ethyl chloride reacts with ammonia to form ethylamine and hydrochloric acid.

Step 1: SN1 Mechanism.
The SN1 (Substitution Nucleophilic Unimolecular) reaction involves two main steps: 1. Formation of carbocation: The leaving group (e.g., halide ion) departs from the carbon atom, forming a positively charged carbocation. 2. Nucleophilic attack: A nucleophile (e.g., water or alcohol) attacks the carbocation, leading to the substitution product. The rate-determining step is the formation of the carbocation, which is why SN1 reactions are typically favored in polar protic solvents.

Step 2: SN2 Mechanism.
The SN2 (Substitution Nucleophilic Bimolecular) reaction occurs in a single step. The nucleophile directly attacks the electrophilic carbon while the leaving group departs simultaneously. This leads to the inversion of configuration at the carbon center. The rate-determining step involves both the nucleophile and the leaving group, so the rate of the reaction is affected by the concentration of both reactants.

Step 3: Conclusion.
SN1 involves a two-step mechanism with a carbocation intermediate, whereas SN2 occurs in one step with a simultaneous bond formation and breaking.