Organic Chemistry

Concept: Organic conversions involve stepwise reactions such as electrophilic substitution, reduction, and nucleophilic substitution. These transformations are important in synthetic organic chemistry.
1. Conversion of Benzene to Aniline: Step 1: Nitration of Benzene Benzene undergoes electrophilic substitution with concentrated nitric acid in presence of concentrated sulfuric acid. (Product: Nitrobenzene)
Step 2: Reduction of Nitrobenzene Nitrobenzene is reduced using Sn/HCl, Fe/HCl, or catalytic hydrogenation. (Product: Aniline)
Overall Conversion:
2. Conversion of Phthalimide to N-alkyl Phthalimide: This reaction is part of Gabriel synthesis (alkylation step).
Step 1: Formation of Potassium Phthalimide Phthalimide reacts with KOH.
Step 2: Alkylation Potassium phthalimide reacts with alkyl halide.
Importance:
Intermediate step in Gabriel synthesis of primary amines.
Prevents formation of secondary or tertiary amines.