Communication

Two elements included in the communication process are: Step 1: Sender.
The sender is the individual or entity who initiates the message. They encode the message and choose the medium through which to send it.
Step 2: Message.
The message is the content that the sender intends to communicate. It can be in the form of spoken words, written text, or non-verbal cues, depending on the communication method. Final Answer: The two elements in the communication process are the sender and the message.

Two features of a formal organisation are: Step 1: Defined Hierarchical Structure.
A formal organisation has a clear and structured hierarchy, where roles, responsibilities, and authority are clearly defined. This ensures clarity and efficient management within the organisation.
Step 2: Set Rules and Procedures.
Formal organisations establish specific rules, regulations, and procedures for all employees to follow. These guidelines help ensure consistency and maintain order within the organisation. Final Answer: The two features of formal organisation are a defined hierarchical structure and set rules and procedures.

The distinction between formal and informal communication is as follows: Step 1: Formal Communication.
Formal communication follows officially prescribed channels and is typically used for work-related matters. It is structured, documented, and regulated by organizational policies.
Step 2: Informal Communication.
Informal communication, also known as the "grapevine," occurs spontaneously and is not regulated by organizational rules. It includes casual conversations and is often used for personal or social interactions. Final Answer: Formal communication follows established channels, while informal communication is spontaneous and unregulated.