Heterodox Philosophy

**Mimamsa and Vedanta:** These are both orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy within the six systems. **Nyaya and Vaisheshika:** These are also part of the six orthodox systems, known for their focus on logic and epistemology. **Sankhya and Yoga:** These are considered two of the six orthodox systems, with Sankhya focusing on dualism and Yoga on achieving liberation through practices like meditation. **Lokayata:** This was a materialistic philosophy that is not considered part of the six orthodox systems of Hindu philosophy. It emphasized materialism and scepticism towards spiritual concepts. **Kapalika:** While the exact nature and origin of Kapalika are debated, it's generally not considered among the six orthodox systems. It's associated with tantric practices and rituals that deviate from the mainstream Hindu philosophy. Therefore, Lokayata and Kapalika are not part of the six established systems of Indian philosophy.

**Statement 1 is incorrect.** Sautrantika and Sammitiya were not sects of Jainism but rather were Buddhist philosophical schools. Sautrantika was a Buddhist philosophical school that relied primarily on the sutras (discourses) of the Buddha, as opposed to the Abhidharma (the Buddhist systematic philosophy). Sammitiya was a Buddhist school that held the view that the self (atman) exists, which was in contrast to the mainstream Buddhist view of anatta (non-self). **Statement 2 is correct.** Sarvastivada was a major Buddhist philosophical school that held the view of "sarvam asti" or "everything exists". The Sarvastivadins believed that the constituents of phenomena (dharmas) did not merely exist in the present moment, but had a real and permanent existence in the past, present, and future. This was in contrast to the Theravada Buddhist view of momentariness, where all phenomena are considered to be constantly arising and passing away.

**Statement 1 is incorrect.** Aryadeva was a **Buddhist philosopher**, not a Jaina scholar. Aryadeva was a Mahayana Buddhist monk, a disciple of Nagarjuna and a Madhyamaka philosopher. He is known for his association with the Nalanda monastery. **Statement 2 is correct.** Dignaga was a Buddhist scholar known for his contributions to logic and philosophy. Dignaga's thought influenced later Buddhist philosophers like Dharmakirti and also Hindu thinkers of the Nyaya school. **Statement 3 is correct.** Nathamuni was a Vaishnava scholar who is credited with reviving the Sri Vaishnava tradition. Nathamuni collected and compiled the Naalayira Divya Prabandham