Battery Technologies And Electric Vehicles In India

**Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs)** powered by hydrogen generate electricity by combining hydrogen (H₂) with oxygen (O₂) in a fuel cell. This process produces electricity, heat, and the only exhaust emission is water vapour (H₂O), making hydrogen fuel cells zero-emission.

**Alternative powertrain vehicles** are those that do **not use conventional petrol/diesel engines**. Instead, they rely on **clean energy sources** like electricity or hydrogen. * ✅ **I. BEVs** – Run fully on batteries and electric motors. * ✅**II. FCEVs** – Use hydrogen to make electricity via a fuel cell. * ✅**III. FCEHVs** – Combine hydrogen fuel cell + battery + electric motor. **All three** are alternatives to traditional fuel vehicles.

**In lithium-ion batteries, the **cathode** is typically made of materials that include **Cobalt, Lithium, and Nickel**, depending on the chemistry used.** * ✅**I. Cobalt:** Used in cathodes like LCO and NMC. * ❌ **II. Graphite:** Used in the **anode**, not the cathode. * ✅**III. Lithium:** Core element in cathode materials (like LCO, LFP). * ✅**IV. Nickel:** Found in cathode types like NMC and NCA. **Three of the four** are used in cathodes. Alternatively, you can use mnemonic **CoLiNi** to remember Cathode forming materials.