Indian Economy

Step 1: Understanding the Acronym SCOPE:
SCOPE is an apex professional organization representing the Central Government Public Enterprises of India. It has also been granted the status of a member of the International Organisation of Employees (IOE).

Step 2: Expanding the Acronym:
The full form of SCOPE is Standing Conference of Public Enterprises. It was established in 1973 as a representative body of Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs). It aims to promote excellence in the functioning of Public Sector Enterprises and to serve as a forum for them to interact with the government and other stakeholders.

Step 3: Analyzing the Options:
The other options use incorrect terms like "Committee" instead of "Conference" and "Employees/Employer" instead of "Enterprises". The correct expansion refers to the enterprises (the organizations themselves), not their employees or employers in a general sense.

Step 4: Final Answer:
SCOPE stands for Standing Conference of Public Enterprises.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:
'Operation Flood' is the program that led to the "White Revolution" in India. It was a rural development program started by India's National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) in 1970. It is one of the world's largest rural development programs and made India the world's largest milk producer.

Step 2: Detailed Explanation:
The engine behind the success of Operation Flood was the Anand Milk Union Limited (AMUL), a dairy cooperative based in the city of Anand, Gujarat.
The program replicated the "Anand pattern" of cooperatives across the country. The initiative was spearheaded by Dr. Verghese Kurien, who is known as the "Father of the White Revolution in India". Given that the movement was born out of the success of the Anand cooperative, its initiation is attributed to Gujarat.

Step 3: Final Answer:
'Operation Flood' was initiated from the state of Gujarat.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:
In India, one of the early methods for defining the poverty line was based on the minimum calorie intake required for subsistence. The Planning Commission adopted this methodology based on the recommendations of the Y. K. Alagh Committee in 1979.

Step 2: Detailed Explanation:
The committee differentiated the calorie requirement for rural and urban populations based on the nature of work.


Rural Areas: People in rural areas are often engaged in more physically intensive labor (like farming). Therefore, a higher calorie intake was recommended. The figure was set at 2,400 calories per person per day.
Urban Areas: People in urban areas generally have more sedentary lifestyles with less physical labor. Hence, a lower calorie intake was recommended. The figure was set at 2,100 calories per person per day.

Step 3: Final Answer:
The recommended nutritional requirements are 2,400 calories for rural areas and 2,100 calories for urban areas.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:
The question asks for the term that describes the act of selling a portion of a company's shares (capital stock) to generate funds and potentially alter its ownership or management control.

Step 2: Detailed Explanation:


Disinvestment: This is the process of selling equity shares of public sector undertakings (PSUs) or other assets by the government or a company. The primary goals are to raise funds for the seller, improve efficiency through private participation, and change the ownership/management structure. This definition perfectly matches the question.
Export Promotion: This refers to government policies and incentives designed to encourage domestic companies to sell their goods and services abroad. It is a trade policy, not a corporate finance action.
Devaluation: This is the deliberate downward adjustment of a country's currency value relative to another currency or standard. It is a monetary policy tool.
Dereservation: This means opening up industries that were previously reserved exclusively for the public sector or small-scale industries to private sector competition.

Step 3: Final Answer:
The correct term for the deliberate sale of a part of a company's capital stock is Disinvestment.

Step 1: Understanding India's Economic Planning:
After gaining independence in 1947, India established the Planning Commission in 1950 to formulate plans for the country's economic and social development. The primary tool for this was the Five-Year Plans.

Step 2: Timeline of the First Plan:
The First Five-Year Plan was launched for the period from 1951 to 1956. It was based on the Harrod-Domar model and focused primarily on the development of the primary sector, particularly agriculture and irrigation. The plan was presented by the first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru.

Step 3: Final Answer:
The first Five-Year Plan was introduced in the year 1951.

Step 1: Understanding the Context:
After independence, India adopted a model of economic development based on Five-Year Plans, formulated by the Planning Commission. The question asks to identify the key intellectual figure behind the initial plans.

Step 2: Detailed Explanation:
Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis was a renowned Indian statistician and physicist. He was a member of the Planning Commission of India from its inception in 1950 until his death in 1972.
His most significant contribution was the Mahalanobis model, which was the mathematical framework for the Second Five-Year Plan (1956-61). This model emphasized rapid industrialization with a focus on developing a strong heavy industry and public sector. Due to this foundational role in shaping India's economic strategy, he is widely regarded as the 'Architect of Indian Planning'.
The other individuals listed, while they may be economists or academics, are not associated with this title or the foundational role in the same way as Mahalanobis.

Step 3: Final Answer:
Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis is known as the Architect of Indian Planning.