Mass Communication

The correct chronological order of Paramveer Chakra awardees is:
- (B) Maj. Somnath Sharma (1947)
- (C) Maj. Dhan Singh Thapa (1962)
- (A) Capt. Vikram Batra (1999)
- (D) Flying Officer Nirmaljit Singh Sekhon (1971)
Thus, the correct answer is (B), (C), (A), (D).

The correct matching is:
- (A) Films Division was established in 1919.
- (B) NFDC was established in 1959.
- (C) Photos Division was established in 1975.
- (D) Press Information Bureau was established in 1948.
Thus, the correct answer is (A)-(I), (B)-(II), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV).

*Agantuk* (1991) was the last film directed by Satyajit Ray before his death. It was a thoughtful exploration of human relationships, social structures, and the idea of home. The film reflects Ray's mature filmmaking style and profound storytelling.

The correct matching is:
- (A) Fandry is directed by Nagraj Manjule (III).
- (B) Kaala is directed by Pa Ranjit (I).
- (C) Karnan is directed by Mari Selvaraj (IV).
- (D) Jai Bhim is directed by TJ Gnanavel (II).
Thus, the correct answer is (A)-(III), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(II).

The correct answer is (A), (B), and (D). These films won the best film award at the Dadasaheb Phalke International Film Festival. "The Kashmir Files," "Pushpa The Rise," and "Shershaah" were recognized for their excellence in various categories.

The term 'Cinematograph' was coined by the Lumiere Brothers, who are credited with inventing the motion picture camera. The device they created allowed for the projection of moving pictures, marking the birth of cinema as we know it today.

Concept: The Spiral of Silence theory explains how public opinion is formed and why individuals may withhold their views.
Step 1: Understanding the theory.}
It suggests that individuals are less likely to express opinions they perceive as being in the minority due to fear of isolation.
Step 2: Identifying the scholar.}
The theory was proposed by Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann, a German political scientist.
Step 3: Eliminating other options.}

• Marshall McLuhan – Known for Global Village.
• Harold Lasswell – Communication model.
• Paul Lazarsfeld – Two-step flow theory.

Concept: Communication can occur either within an individual or between individuals.
Step 1: Understanding interpersonal communication.}
Interpersonal communication refers to communication between two or more people.
Step 2: Understanding intrapersonal communication.}
Intrapersonal communication occurs within an individual, such as thinking or self-talk.
Step 3: Key distinction.}
The primary difference lies in the number of participants: interpersonal involves multiple people, whereas intrapersonal involves only oneself.

Concept: Communication models explain how messages are transmitted and received. The concept of interference or disturbance in communication is termed as "noise".
Step 1: Understanding "noise".}
Noise refers to any disturbance that affects the clarity or accuracy of a message during transmission.
Step 2: Identifying the model.}
The Shannon-Weaver Model (1949) was the first to introduce the concept of noise in communication systems.
Step 3: Eliminating other options.}

• Lasswell Model – Focuses on "Who says what in which channel".
• Berlo's Model – Focuses on sender-message-channel-receiver.
• Osgood-Schramm Model – Circular model without explicit noise concept initially.