Behavioural Analysis

The correct option is (B): (A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(I), (D)-(II)

The correct option is (D): Reaction formation

The Minimal Group Paradigm was developed by Henri Tajfel and his colleagues as part of their research on social identity and intergroup discrimination. In these experiments, participants were randomly assigned to arbitrary groups and still showed in-group favoritism, even when the groups had no meaningful connection or history. This demonstrated how minimal conditions are sufficient to trigger discriminatory behavior, laying the foundation for Social Identity Theory.

Social Influence refers to the process through which an individual’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are affected by other people — either directly (e.g., through persuasion) or indirectly (e.g., via social norms or the mere presence of others). It encompasses various phenomena such as conformity, compliance, and obedience.
This distinguishes it from: - Social Cognition (how we perceive and interpret social information),
- Social Facilitation (performance improvement due to others' presence),
- Social Inhibition (performance decline due to others' presence).

The correct answer is crowding tolerance, which refers to the capacity of individuals to tolerate high-density environments where competition for resources like space is intense. This concept is particularly significant in environmental and social psychology when studying behavior in urban settings or densely populated areas.

The Correct Option is (B): A-II, B-IV. C-1, D-III

The Correct Option is (A):A, B, D only

The correct option is (D): (A)-(IV), (B)-(I), (C)-(II), (D)-(III)

The correct option is ():

The correct option is (B): Situationism

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:
This question describes a system of behavior modification based on principles of operant conditioning. We need to identify the specific technique being used.

Negative reinforcement: Increasing a behavior by removing an aversive stimulus.
Differential reinforcement: Reinforcing only the appropriate response and applying extinction to all other responses.
Modelling: Learning by observing the behavior of others.
Token economy: A system where individuals earn "tokens" (neutral items like badges, points, or poker chips) for exhibiting desired behaviors. These tokens can later be exchanged for meaningful rewards or privileges (called backup reinforcers), such as a bonus.
Step 2: Detailed Explanation:
The scenario perfectly describes a token economy.

The desired behavior is "timely food delivery."
The "tokens" are the "badges" given each month. These badges have no intrinsic value on their own.
The "backup reinforcer" is the "annual bonus" for which the badges can be exchanged.
This system of earning tokens for good behavior and later exchanging them for a reward is the definition of a token economy.
Step 3: Final Answer:
The behavioural technique being used is a Token economy.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:
Different psychological models offer different explanations for the causes of psychological disorders.

Psychodynamic model (Freud): Emphasizes unconscious conflicts, repressed urges, and early childhood experiences.
Behavioural model (Watson, Skinner): Focuses on observable behaviors and suggests that all behaviors, both adaptive and maladaptive, are learned through processes like classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and modelling.
Cognitive model (Beck, Ellis): Focuses on how distorted or irrational thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes cause psychological distress.
Humanistic-existential model (Rogers, Maslow): Emphasizes the role of a person's choices, responsibility, and the search for meaning. Disorders arise when this potential for growth is blocked.
Step 2: Detailed Explanation:
The key phrase in the question is "learning maladaptive ways of behaving." This is the central tenet of the behavioural model. For example, this model would explain a phobia as a learned fear response through classical conditioning. It views the disorder not as an illness, but as a learned behavior that can be unlearned.
Step 3: Final Answer:
The model that emphasizes learned maladaptive behaviors is the Behavioural model.