Psychological Disorders

According to psychological classifications of Intellectual Disability, individuals are categorized based on their IQ scores into different levels of severity. The "Profound Level of Intellectual Disability" refers to those who have the most significant cognitive impairments.

The recognized levels of Intellectual Disability are as follows:

Therefore, an IQ score that is "Below 20-25" is categorized as a Profound Level of Intellectual Disability, indicating the most significant level of intellectual and adaptive functioning limitations.

George's experiences, such as recurrent dreams, flashbacks, and emotional numbing, are symptomatic of a psychological condition that frequently develops after exposure to a traumatic event. Let's examine the options:

• Generalised Anxiety Disorder: This disorder is characterized by persistent and excessive worry about various aspects of life, rather than specific traumatic experiences.
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Commonly occurs after one experiences or witnesses a traumatic event. Hallmarks include intrusive memories (like dreams and flashbacks), avoidance behaviors, altered emotional states, and numbing.
• Separation Anxiety Disorder: Predominantly occurs in childhood, characterized by excessive fear of separation from attachment figures, not related to experiencing trauma.
• Pre-Traumatic Stress Disorder: This term is not a recognized diagnosis in psychology. It appears to suggest stress about a future event, but does not align with recognized symptoms.

Given George's symptoms and the context of the event he witnessed, the most accurate diagnosis is Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.

In psychology and substance use studies, when an individual like Dhruv reports needing to consume more alcohol to achieve the same 'high', it indicates a phenomenon referred to as Tolerance. Tolerance is a condition where the body becomes accustomed to a substance due to prolonged use, necessitating an increase in dosage to achieve the initial effects. This physiological adaptation is a hallmark of ongoing substance use and represents the body's diminishing response to the substance over time.

Considering the options:

• Withdrawal: This refers to the physical and mental symptoms that occur after reducing or stopping substance intake, which is not applicable in this context.
• Poor quality of alcohol: While poor quality might affect the user's experience, it is not a consistent reason for increased consumption to feel 'high'.
• Fixation: This is a psychological term more associated with an obsessive interest or attachment, not directly related to substance tolerance.
• Tolerance: Correctly describes Dhruv's situation, as his increased alcohol consumption to achieve the same effect signifies the development of tolerance.

Thus, the phenomenon Dhruv is experiencing is best explained by tolerance.

Beth's behavior of gorging on food and then purging by vomiting or using laxatives is indicative of a psychological eating disorder. To determine which specific disorder she is suffering from, we need to analyze the characteristics of the given options:

1. Anorexia Nervosa: This disorder is characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted body image, leading individuals to severely restrict food intake and significantly lose weight. It does not typically involve binge eating followed by purging.
2. Body Dysmorphic Disorder: This disorder involves an obsessive focus on perceived flaws in physical appearance, which are often minor or not observable to others. It does not involve patterns of eating and purging.
3. Bulimia Nervosa: Individuals with this disorder experience episodes of eating large quantities of food (binging) followed by methods to prevent weight gain, such as self-induced vomiting or the use of laxatives (purging). This describes Beth's behavior accurately.
4. Conduct Disorder: This disorder is characterized by a pattern of behavior that violates the rights of others or societal norms, including aggression and deceitfulness. It does not relate to eating habits.

From this analysis, the behavior described in Beth's case aligns with Bulimia Nervosa. Therefore, the correct answer is Bulimia Nervosa.