Chemical Bonding And Molecular Structure

Step 1: Dipole moment is given by where is the charge and is the separation.
Step 2: Convert dipole moment into SI units:
Step 3: Bond distance:
Step 4: Calculate charge:
Step 5: Fraction of electronic charge: Hence, the fraction of an electronic charge on each atom is

Step 1: Bond strength is directly proportional to bond order. Higher bond order stronger bond.
Step 2: Pair I: and Hence, bond is stronger in , not in the first species.
Step 3: Pair II: and Hence, bond is stronger in (first species).
Step 4: Pair III: and Hence, bond is stronger in (first species).
Step 5: Therefore, the stronger bond is found in the first species for pairs II and III only.

Step 1: Consider the triiodide ion . The central iodine atom is bonded to two iodine atoms.
Step 2: Valence electrons:
Step 3: Two iodine–iodine bonds are formed with the central atom, giving:
Step 4: Remaining electrons form lone pairs on the central atom:
Step 5: Thus, the central iodine atom has:

Step 1: The octet rule states that atoms tend to complete eight electrons in their valence shell to attain stability.
Step 2: In , boron has only six electrons in its valence shell, hence it does not satisfy the octet rule.
Step 3: In , beryllium has only four electrons in its valence shell, so the octet rule is not followed.
Step 4: In , nitrogen has an odd number of electrons, making it impossible to complete an octet.
Step 5: The compounds in options (A), (C), and (D) follow the octet rule for their central atoms.

Step 1: - NO : two bond pairs + one lone pair = 3 domains → sp ? But structure angular with one lone → effectively sp. - NO : 3 sigma bonds = 3 domains → sp . - NH : 4 sigma = 4 domains → sp .
Step 2: Compare options → (A).

Step 1: Understand the effect of dilution on different conductance terms. On dilution, the number of ions per unit volume of solution decreases. Step 2: Analyze each option. Specific conductance ( ): It is defined as the conductance of a solution of unit volume. Since dilution reduces the number of ions per unit volume, specific conductance decreases. Molar conductance and equivalent conductance: These increase with dilution because ions get more freedom to move, increasing their mobility. Conductance: It depends on both concentration and cell dimensions and is not a fundamental property of the solution alone. Step 3: Final conclusion Only specific conductance decreases with dilution.

At , the ion product of water is .
In pure water, the concentrations of and are equal.
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The is calculated as:
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Pure water is neutral, and at , its is 7.