Physical Chemistry

Step 1: Elevation in boiling point is given by: where is the van’t Hoff factor.
Step 2: Calculate the van’t Hoff factor for each solution.
Step 3: Since all solutions have the same molarity, the solution with the highest van’t Hoff factor will show the greatest elevation in boiling point.
Step 4: has the highest value of .

Step 1: Given hydrogen ion concentration: Step 2: Calculate pH: The closest option is 3.5.

Step 1: Acidity increases as pH decreases. Step 2: Compare pH values: The lowest pH corresponds to the highest acidity.

Step 1: Initial concentration of HCl After dilution by 10 times: Step 2: Since , contribution of water is negligible. Step 3: Calculate pH: Thus, pH lies between 4 and 5.