Indian Freedom Movement

The first session of the Indian National Congress (INC) was held in December 1885 in Bombay (now Mumbai) at the Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College. The INC was founded with the primary aim of securing greater Indian representation in the British Government and addressing the political and social issues faced by Indians under colonial rule.

1. Date and Location: The first session took place from December 28 to December 31, 1885. It marked the beginning of a formal platform for Indian political leaders to voice their concerns and demands.
2. Presiding Officer: The session was presided over by Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee, a prominent lawyer and social reformer, who was elected as the first president of the Indian National Congress.
3. Key Focus: The first session was primarily focused on political reforms, such as the demand for increased Indian representation in the British administration and the inclusion of Indians in the civil services. The session was moderate in tone and sought to peacefully address Indian grievances within the framework of British colonial rule.

In conclusion, the first session of the Indian National Congress laid the foundation for the growth of a national political movement that would later play a significant role in the Indian struggle for independence.

The first session of the Indian National Congress saw the participation of prominent Indian leaders and delegates from different parts of the country. Despite its small size, the session marked an important step in bringing together Indian leaders to discuss their common political goals.

1. Total Delegates: There were 72 delegates present at the first session. This was a modest number, but it included some of the leading political figures of the time.
2. Notable Delegates: Some of the notable delegates who attended the first session included:
   • Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee: The first president of the Indian National Congress.
   • Surendranath Banerjee: A prominent leader and social reformer.
   • Dadabhai Naoroji: A leading figure in the Indian political movement and later the first Indian to be elected to the British Parliament.
   • Pherozeshah Mehta: A prominent lawyer and political leader.
3. Regional Representation: The delegates represented various parts of India, although the representation was still limited to the educated elite from urban areas. The lack of broad participation from rural India would be addressed in future sessions of the Congress.

In conclusion, while the first session of the INC had a relatively small number of delegates, it was significant in bringing together key figures who would go on to play a major role in India’s struggle for independence.

The inaugural session of the Indian National Congress marked the adoption of key resolutions that would shape the Congress’s future direction and its engagement with the British government.

1. Resolution for Constitutional Reforms: The main resolution passed at the first session of the INC was a call for constitutional reforms. Delegates demanded increased Indian representation in the British administration, including within legislative councils, and advocated for reforms in the civil services to provide more opportunities for Indians within the bureaucracy.
2. Petition to the British Government: A petition was also presented to the British government, urging reforms in the governance of India. The petition called for the creation of a more equitable system that would enable Indians to play a more significant role in managing their own affairs.
3. Resolution for Social and Economic Reforms: Although the primary focus of the session was on political reforms, there was also a resolution for the promotion of social and educational reforms. Delegates highlighted the need for advancing education and improving social welfare for the Indian population.

In conclusion, the first session of the INC laid the foundation for the Congress’s future political activities, advocating for increased Indian participation in governance and reforms in both political and social spheres.

Explanation: Both World Wars had a severe impact on India, which played a crucial role in the war efforts but bore significant consequences. During World War I, India contributed troops and resources, but the British failed to offer any substantial political concessions, leading to widespread discontent and the emergence of nationalistic movements. World War II had an even more profound effect, with India once again contributing vast resources. The economic strain of the war led to a famine, and the failure of the British to grant independence despite these sacrifices intensified calls for freedom. The aftermath of both wars accelerated the demand for independence and further destabilized British rule in India.

The Arya Samaj was a reformist Hindu organization founded in 1875 by Swami Dayanand Saraswati. It aimed to promote social and religious reforms in India, advocating for the removal of caste discrimination, idol worship, and child marriage. The Arya Samaj emphasized the importance of Vedic knowledge and sought to re-establish Vedic dharma as a means to revive Hindu society. It played a significant role in the modernization of India and in the Indian freedom movement, with a focus on education and social reforms.

Step 1: Identify the incorrect pairs.
- Surya Sen is famously associated with Bengal for his involvement in the Chittagong Armoury Raid, so this pair is correct. - Vinayak Damodar Savarkar is associated with the Andaman Islands and the Cellular Jail, not Gujarat, making this pair incorrect. - Ramsingh Kuka is often associated with the Kuka movement, which was primarily centered in Punjab, but it was more connected to Haryana. Therefore, this pair is incorrect. - Shyamji Krishna Verma, who spent significant time in London leading the movement for Indian independence, has the correct pair with London. Step 2: Write the correct pairs.
The correct pairs should be: - Vinayak Damodar Savarkar - Andaman - Ramsingh Kuka - Haryana Final Answer:

Step 1: Understand the historical context.
Maharshi Vitthal Ramji Shinde was a social reformer in India who played an important role in the upliftment of the Depressed Classes (lower castes) in the 19th century. He founded the Depressed Classes Mission to promote their welfare. Step 2: Conclusion.
The correct answer is the Depressed Classes Mission, which was established by Maharshi Vitthal Ramji Shinde. Final Answer: