States Affairs

Corrected Pairs:

• (a) Merger of the princely state of Hyderabad – Swami Ramanand Tirth (Correct)
• (b) Merger of the princely state of Kashmir – Sheikh Abdullah (Incorrect: Shaikh Abdulla)
• (c) Significant contribution in the ‘Goa’ liberation movement – Mohan Ranade (Correct)
• (d) The trade unionist leader in Puducherry – V. Subaiyya (Correct)

The terms in Group ‘A’ refer to key historical events and figures in Indian history. The incorrect pair in item (b) is corrected as Sheikh Abdullah played a significant role in the merger of Kashmir with India, not Shaikh Abdulla.

Integration of Jammu and Kashmir into India

The integration of Jammu and Kashmir into India stands as a pivotal moment in post-independence Indian history. This event marked the accession of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir to the newly formed Indian Union in 1947, following the partition of British India.

1. Background:

When India gained independence in 1947, British India was divided into two dominions: India and Pakistan. The princely states, which were under British suzerainty, were given the choice to join either India or Pakistan, or remain independent. The ruler of Jammu and Kashmir, Maharaja Hari Singh, initially opted for independence, despite the state’s geographical proximity to Pakistan.

2. The Tribal Invasion:

In October 1947, Pakistan-backed tribal forces from the northwestern tribal regions of Pakistan invaded Kashmir, intending to annex it to Pakistan. The invasion faced strong resistance from Kashmiri forces. With the situation worsening, Maharaja Hari Singh sought military aid from India.

3. The Instrument of Accession:

In order to secure military support, Maharaja Hari Singh signed the Instrument of Accession on October 26, 1947, formally integrating Jammu and Kashmir into India. The Indian government, under Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, agreed to provide military assistance, on the condition that the region would remain part of India.

4. The Role of the United Nations:

Following India’s military intervention, the situation in Kashmir stabilized. However, Pakistan took the matter to the United Nations, leading to a ceasefire in 1949. This ceasefire established the Line of Control (LoC), which effectively divided Kashmir into two regions: one controlled by India and the other by Pakistan.

5. Political and Legal Consequences:

In the years following the merger, Kashmir’s political status remained a contentious issue. Special provisions were granted to the region under Article 370 of the Indian Constitution, allowing Jammu and Kashmir a degree of autonomy within India, except in matters relating to defense, communications, finance, and foreign affairs.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, the merger of Jammu and Kashmir with India was a complex and contested process, setting the stage for decades of political and military tensions between India and Pakistan.

Step 1: The Industrial Revolution began in England during the late 18th century, driven by the rise of the capitalist class that demanded large-scale labor for the growing number of factories and industries.

Step 2: England’s strong financial infrastructure, abundant raw materials, and an expanding workforce played key roles in fostering the Industrial Revolution.