Planning And Development

Indira Gandhi introduced the slogan \textit{“Garibi Hatao”} during the 1971 elections.This aimed to implement social welfare programs and economic reforms for poverty alleviation.

The First and Second Five-Year Plans played a fundamental role in shaping India's economic development after independence.
First Five-Year Plan (1951-1956):
1. Focus on Agriculture: Recognizing food shortages, the plan prioritized agricultural expansion, irrigation, and land reforms. Major dams like Bhakra Nangal were constructed.
2. Community Development: Rural upliftment programs were initiated to modernize villages.
3. Inflation Control: Policies were introduced to stabilize prices and manage demand.
4. Modest Industrial Growth: While primarily agrarian, the plan also encouraged small-scale industries.
5. Achievements: Agricultural output increased significantly, laying the foundation for food security.
Second Five-Year Plan (1956-1961):
1. Industrialization Strategy: The plan emphasized heavy industries, steel plants, and manufacturing.
2. Mahalanobis Model: A growth model focusing on capital goods industries was adopted.
3. Public Sector Expansion: Major industries were nationalized to strengthen economic self-reliance.
4. Infrastructure Development: Railways, roads, and power projects received significant investments.
5. Achievements: Industrial production increased, but the plan led to a fiscal deficit and inflation.
Together, these plans laid the foundation for India's mixed economy, balancing agriculture with industrial growth.

At the time of independence, India faced competing visions of development:
1. State vs. Market Debate: Some leaders, like Jawaharlal Nehru, advocated for a socialist state-driven model, while others supported a free-market approach.
2. Agriculture vs. Industry: There was debate on whether to prioritize agricultural self-sufficiency or industrial expansion.
3. Foreign Investment Dilemma: Some policymakers wanted to attract foreign capital, while others feared dependence on Western economies.
4. Public vs. Private Sector: The role of the government in managing industries was contested.
Resolution:
1. A Mixed Economy Model was adopted, integrating state control with private enterprise.
2. Five-Year Plans were introduced, balancing agricultural and industrial growth.
3. The government took charge of critical industries while allowing private sector participation.
These decisions shaped India's long-term economic trajectory, blending socialist and capitalist principles.

The Planning Commission was replaced by the NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India) to foster cooperative federalism.

Two major multipurpose river projects in India are the Hirakud Dam on the Mahanadi River and the Narmada Valley Project.

The ban on liquor is mentioned in the Directive Principles of State Policy, particularly under Article 47 of the Indian Constitution.

Green Revolution and Crop Impact, The Green Revolution in India focused on high-yield wheat varieties, significantly boosting agricultural productivity.

Indira Gandhi, India’s first female Prime Minister, was assassinated on October 31, 1984, by her Sikh bodyguards in retaliation for Operation Blue Star. Her assassination led to nationwide anti-Sikh riots and massive political upheaval.

Social security cover offers financial and medical assistance during unemployment, illness, or retirement.