Constitutional Developments After 1858

The Government of India Act, 1919 had several key features. One of these was the introduction of dyarchy in the executive government of the provinces, which meant that certain areas of government were controlled by elected Indian ministers, while others remained under the control of appointed British officials. This is represented in statement 1. Another feature was the devolution of legislative authority by the centre to the provinces, which is represented in statement 3. However, the introduction of separate communal electorates for Muslims, which is represented in statement 2, was not a feature of the Government of India Act, 1919. This was actually introduced in the Government of India Act, 1909. Therefore, the correct answer is (C) 1 and 3 only.

The Montagu-Chelmsford Proposals were aimed at the gradual introduction of self-governing institutions in India. They led to the enactment of the Government of India Act 1919, which introduced several landmark constitutional changes: - Dyarchy in Provinces: It divided provincial subjects into two parts—Transferred (administered by the Governor with the aid of ministers) and Reserved (administered by the Governor and his executive council without being responsible to the legislative council). - Bicameralism at the Center: For the first time, it introduced a bicameral legislature consisting of an Upper House (Council of State) and a Lower House (Legislative Assembly). - Direct Elections: It introduced direct elections in the country for the first time, though the franchise was limited based on property, tax, or education. - Separation of Budgets: It separated provincial budgets from the Central budget and authorized provincial legislatures to enact their own budgets.

The principle of Dyarchy was introduced by the Government of India Act of 1919 in the provinces of British India. This system divided the functions of government into two categories central and provincial. The provincial subjects were further subdivided into transferred and reserved. Thus, the principle of Dyarchy refers to the division of the subjects delegated to the provinces into two categories.

In the federation established by the Government of India Act of 1935, the residuary power was given to the Governor General. This means that the Governor General had the authority to deal with any legislative matters that weren't explicitly assigned to either the federal legislature or the provincial legislatures. This gave the Governor General significant control over the legislative process.

**Statement 1 is incorrect.** The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms of 1919 did not recommend granting voting rights to all women above the age of 21. While the reforms introduced some limited electoral reforms, including the extension of the franchise to a larger section of the Indian population, they did not grant universal suffrage to women. **Statement 2 is correct.** The Government of India Act of 1935 introduced reserved seats for women in the legislatures at both the central and provincial levels. These reserved seats were aimed at ensuring representation for women in the political process. **Government of India, Act 1919** - Introduced limited self-government and increased Indian participation - Introduced Dyarchy (Dual Government) in provinces: 1. Transferred subjects → Administered by Indian ministers 2. Reserved subjects → Administered by British officials - Bicameral Legislature at the Central Level - Separate Electorates Continued - High Commissioner for India in London was created to represent Indian affairs in Britain. - Subjects divided into Central and Provincial lists - Voting rights were restricted based on property, income, and education.  **Government of India, Act 1935** - Created an All-India Federation consisting of British Indian Provinces and Princely States. (Never Implemented) - Bicameralism extended to six provinces (Bengal, Bombay, Madras, Bihar, Assam, and United Provinces) - Abolished Dyarchy at the provincial level, Introduced Provincial Autonomy → Governors had to act on ministers' advice (except in special cases) - Three lists introduced: 1. Federal List (Centre) 2. Provincial List (Provinces) 3. Concurrent List (Both Centre & Provinces) - Ministers had full control over provincial subjects (except during emergencies) - Established the Federal Court of India (precursor to the Supreme Court) - Communal and separate electorates were retained and extended to groups such as Anglo-Indians and Indo-Christians. - Women were given reservations in Provincial and central legislature. 

The Government of India Act 1919 introduced the system of dyarchy in the provinces. Under this system, the provincial subjects of administration were divided into two categories 'Reserved' and 'Transferred'. The 'Reserved' subjects were administered by the Governor of the province with the help of his executive council of bureaucrats. These subjects were considered more crucial and included areas such as law and order, finance, land revenue, and irrigation. The 'Transferred' subjects were administered by the Governor with the help of Indian ministers. These subjects were considered less critical and included areas such as education, public health, and local self-government. Therefore, among the options provided, Administration of Justice, Land Revenue, and Police were treated as 'Reserved' subjects, while Local Self-Government was a 'Transferred' subject.