Solutions

Answer (a) Molar concentration

Berkley-Hartley method

Azeotropic mixture of and water has of . It boils at under a pressure of one atmosphere.

Normality of a mixture Normality of molarity basicity Normality of a mixture of acid and base

0.5 M = 1 N \underset{\mathrm{(conc)}}{ {N_1V_1}} \underset{\mathrm{(dil)}}{ {N_2V_2}} 1 N 1 L = 10 L = 1/10 N = 0.1 N.

Fractional distillation is the method used to separate a mixture of two miscible liquids having different boiling points. The more volatile liquid distills over first and is collected in a receiver. The two fractions are redistilled separately a number of times to ensure complete purity of the liquids. Sublimation is used to separate a non-volatile solid from a volatile one. Iodine, camphor, naphthalene, benzoic acid etc. are purified by this method as they readily sublime i.e., change directly from solid to gas on being heated. Filtration is a method used to separate insoluble impurities from a liquid. Crystallization is the most common method to purify organic solids. This method is based upon differences in their solubility in a given solvent or mixture of solvents.