Applications Of Biotechnology

Step 1: परिचय.
बीटी कपास (Bt Cotton) एक अनुवांशिक रूप से संशोधित फसल है जिसे कीट प्रतिरोधी बनाया गया है।

Step 2: Bt gene.
इसमें Bacillus thuringiensis नामक बैक्टीरिया का जीन डाला गया है जो एक क्रायो टॉक्सिन (Cry protein) उत्पन्न करता है। यह प्रोटीन कीटों की आँतों को नष्ट कर देता है जिससे कीट मर जाते हैं।

Step 3: लाभ.
- कीटनाशकों का कम प्रयोग।
- फसल उत्पादन में वृद्धि।
- किसानों को आर्थिक लाभ।

Step 4: निष्कर्ष.
Bt कपास जैव प्रौद्योगिकी का एक सफल उदाहरण है, जिसने कृषि क्षेत्र में क्रांति लाई।

Step 1: Bt gene का परिचय.
Bt जीन (Bacillus thuringiensis से प्राप्त) पौधों में डाला जाता है ताकि यह कीटों और शाकाहारी कीड़ों के विरुद्ध सुरक्षा प्रदान करे।

Step 2: अन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण.
(B) Ct, (C) Mt, (D) Gst — ये किसी भी प्रकार से शाकाहारी प्रतिरोध से संबंधित नहीं हैं। केवल Bt toxin उत्पन्न करता है।

Step 3: निष्कर्ष.
सही उत्तर है (A) Bt, क्योंकि यही पौधों को कीट/शाकाहारी प्रतिरोधी बनाता है।

Step 1: Golden Rice का परिचय.
'सुनहरा धान' या Golden Rice को genetic engineering से विकसित किया गया है ताकि इसमें B-Carotene (Vitamin A का precursor) अधिक मात्रा में हो।

Step 2: अन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण.
(A) आयरन → Iron-rich rice अलग research का परिणाम है।
(C) लाइसिन → यह अमीनो अम्ल है, Golden Rice में नहीं बढ़ाया गया।
(D) विटामिन सी → चावल में Vitamin C नहीं डाला गया।

Step 3: निष्कर्ष.
सही उत्तर है (B) B-केरोटीन, जिससे Vitamin A deficiency को दूर करने में मदद मिलती है।

Step 1: GM crops का परिचय.
आनुवंशिक रूप से संशोधित फसलें (Genetically Modified Crops) recombinant DNA technology द्वारा बनाई जाती हैं।

Step 2: अन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण.
(A) सूक्ष्म प्रजनन → यह tissue culture की तकनीक है।
(B) पार प्रजनन → यह normal hybridization है।
(D) कार्मिक संकरण → यह सामान्य hybridization पद्धति है।

Step 3: निष्कर्ष.
सही उत्तर है (C) पुनः संयोजक डीएनए प्रौद्योगिकी द्वारा।

Step 1: Somaclonal variation का परिचय.
Somaclonal variation वह genetic variation है जो पौधों के tissue culture (ऊतक संवर्धन) के दौरान उत्पन्न होता है।

Step 2: अन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण.
(B) गामा किरणें → ये mutation breeding में उपयोग होती हैं।
(C) उष्मा विकिरण और (D) रासायनिक उत्परिवर्तन → ये induced mutation techniques हैं, लेकिन somaclonal variation नहीं।

Step 3: निष्कर्ष.
सही उत्तर है (A) ऊतक संवर्धन।

Step 1: Understanding Bt bacteria.
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a soil bacterium that produces insecticidal crystal proteins (Cry proteins) toxic to insect larvae.
Step 2: Application.
These proteins are used in genetically modified crops (Bt cotton, Bt corn) to provide resistance against pests.
Step 3: Analyzing options.
(A) Agrobacterium: Incorrect — Used as a gene transfer vector in plants.
(B) Bacillus thuringiensis: Correct — Synthesizes insecticidal Cry proteins.
(C) Escherichia coli: Incorrect — Model organism, not insecticidal.
(D) Archaebacteria: Incorrect — Extremophiles, not related to insecticidal protein.
Step 4: Conclusion.
Thus, insecticidal protein is produced by Bacillus thuringiensis.

Step 1: Full form.
ELISA = Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay.
Step 2: Definition.
It is a biochemical test used to detect the presence of antigens or antibodies in a sample using enzyme-linked reactions.
Step 3: Working principle.
- Antigen or antibody is fixed to a solid surface.
- A complementary antibody or antigen linked to an enzyme is added.
- Substrate is added → color change indicates positive reaction.
Step 4: Applications.
- Diagnosis of diseases like HIV, hepatitis, etc.
- Detection of hormones, allergens, and toxins.
Step 5: Conclusion.
ELISA is a highly sensitive diagnostic test for antigen-antibody interactions.

Step 1: Understanding alpha-1-antitrypsin.
Alpha-1-antitrypsin is a glycoprotein that protects tissues from enzymes of inflammatory cells, especially elastase. A deficiency of this protein causes damage to lung tissues, leading to emphysema.
Step 2: Analyzing the options.
(A) In treatment of emphysema: Correct — Patients with alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency are treated with this protein to prevent lung damage.
(B) In treatment of asthma: Incorrect — Asthma is unrelated to this protein therapy.
(C) As insecticidal protein: Incorrect — Insecticidal proteins are derived from Bacillus thuringiensis, not alpha-1-antitrypsin.
(D) In treatment of diabetes: Incorrect — Diabetes treatment does not involve this protein.
Step 3: Conclusion.
Thus, alpha-1-antitrypsin is used in the treatment of emphysema.

Step 1: Understanding Bt toxin.
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) produces insecticidal proteins known as Cry proteins. These proteins act as biopesticides against insect pests.
Step 2: Mechanism of action.
When ingested by insect larvae, the Cry protein crystals dissolve in the insect midgut, which has an alkaline pH. The protein is then activated and binds to the gut epithelial cells, causing lysis and ultimately the death of the insect.
Step 3: Analyzing options.
(A) Acidic pH: Incorrect — The crystals do not activate in acidic conditions.
(B) Alkaline pH: Correct — Activation of Cry proteins occurs in the alkaline medium of insect midgut.
(C) Neutral pH: Incorrect — The activation requires alkalinity.
(D) First acidic then alkaline pH: Incorrect — Only alkaline pH is essential.
Step 4: Conclusion.
Bt insecticidal protein becomes active at an alkaline pH.

Step 1: Understanding RNA interference (RNAi).
RNA interference is a biological process where RNA molecules inhibit gene expression by neutralizing targeted mRNA molecules. It is used in biotechnology to silence specific genes.
Step 2: Application in plants.
To protect tobacco plants from nematode infestation, double-stranded RNA specific to nematode genes is introduced. This triggers RNAi in the nematode, silencing essential genes and preventing infestation.
Step 3: Role of vector.
The dsRNA is introduced into plants through Agrobacterium tumefaciens, which is commonly used as a vector for plant genetic engineering.
Step 4: Analyzing options.
(A) Bacteriophage: Incorrect — Works in bacteria, not in plants.
(B) Retrovirus: Incorrect — Used in animals, not in plants.
(C) Escherichia coli: Incorrect — A bacterial host, not a vector for plant transformation.
(D) Agrobacterium: Correct — This vector is widely used to transfer foreign genes into plant genomes.
Step 5: Conclusion.
The nematode-specific genes are introduced via Agrobacterium.

Step 1: Understanding Basmati rice.
Basmati rice is a special variety of long-grain aromatic rice traditionally grown in India. It is well-known for its fragrance, flavor, and cooking quality.
Step 2: Fact about varieties.
In India, 27 varieties of Basmati rice have been officially notified and approved for cultivation. This includes both traditional and improved varieties developed through breeding.
Step 3: Conclusion.
Thus, the correct answer is 27 varieties.

Step 1: Understanding GM research regulation.
Genetically Modified (GM) crops and organisms require strict regulation to ensure their safety for humans, animals, and the environment.
Step 2: Role of GEAC.
The Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change is the apex body that approves large-scale use, release, and commercial introduction of GM organisms in India.
Step 3: Analyzing options.
(A) Department of Science and Technology: Incorrect — This promotes science research but does not regulate GM organisms.
(B) Department of Biotechnology: Incorrect — It promotes biotech research but approval lies with GEAC.
(C) GEAC: Correct — Responsible for decisions about GM research validity and safety.
(D) Indian Patent Office: Incorrect — It deals with intellectual property rights, not biosafety.
Step 4: Conclusion.
Hence, the correct answer is GEAC.

Step 1: Understanding resistance breeding.
Yellow mosaic virus is a major disease in pulses like mung lentil. To develop resistant varieties, mutation breeding was applied.
Step 2: Mutation breeding.
Mutation breeding involves exposing seeds to chemicals or radiations to create mutations, and selecting resistant plants.
Step 3: Conclusion.
Thus, yellow mosaic resistant mung lentil was developed by mutation breeding.