CUET-PG SERIES English
Reading Comprehension
48 previous year questions.
Volume: 48 Ques
Yield: High
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2025 40
2023 Chapter Questions 48 MCQs
01
PYQ 2023
easy
english ID: cuet-pg-
Based on the given passage, answer the questions 1-5:
Three major verdicts given by the Supreme Court during the 1980s and the 1990s goaded the state to assume greater responsibility in the matter of providing access to education. These verdicts (Bandhua Mukti Morcha vs the Union of India, 1981; Mohini Jain vs Karnataka State, 1992; Unnikrishan vs Andhra Pradesh, 1993) seemed to offer eminent examples of the hermeneutic space available in the Constitution, revealing how important it was to read the Constitution imaginatively in order to crystalize the ideas that may not have been fully articulated. The Crowning exercise of this kind figured in the Mohini jata case in which the court extended the scope of article 21 by reading into the fundamental right to like a vision of life which includes the nursing force of education. This hermeneutic exercise was widely hailed as a major advanced in the evolution of Democratic polity . It was expected that the court's interpretation of article 21 would Trigger significant civil activism on behalf of The educationally deprived. This expectation was not full filled as such, but after several your spend drafting late to the enactment of an amendment in the constitution which rendered elementary education an explicitly stated fundamental right.
The new right granted to children leaves the state free to impart education by any means that it mean by law determined to be suitable for this purpose. During the recent years we have witness the official acceptance of several other alternative modes. Neither the court nor the Parliament have succeeded in making a Dent on the systemic tendency to first device a cheaper alternative for the poor and then to promise Populous measures to improve it. In the absence of the systematic reform onc cannot hope for clearer perception of stronger will to counter the ideology which permits childhood to be defined differently for the labouring poor. The State's responsibility towards these precious, formative years of life has been suitably accommodated in the amended version of the same article 45 which Had served little use to achieve the purpose stated in it and which, therefore required the enhancement of article 21.
Three major verdicts given by the Supreme Court during the 1980s and the 1990s goaded the state to assume greater responsibility in the matter of providing access to education. These verdicts (Bandhua Mukti Morcha vs the Union of India, 1981; Mohini Jain vs Karnataka State, 1992; Unnikrishan vs Andhra Pradesh, 1993) seemed to offer eminent examples of the hermeneutic space available in the Constitution, revealing how important it was to read the Constitution imaginatively in order to crystalize the ideas that may not have been fully articulated. The Crowning exercise of this kind figured in the Mohini jata case in which the court extended the scope of article 21 by reading into the fundamental right to like a vision of life which includes the nursing force of education. This hermeneutic exercise was widely hailed as a major advanced in the evolution of Democratic polity . It was expected that the court's interpretation of article 21 would Trigger significant civil activism on behalf of The educationally deprived. This expectation was not full filled as such, but after several your spend drafting late to the enactment of an amendment in the constitution which rendered elementary education an explicitly stated fundamental right.
The new right granted to children leaves the state free to impart education by any means that it mean by law determined to be suitable for this purpose. During the recent years we have witness the official acceptance of several other alternative modes. Neither the court nor the Parliament have succeeded in making a Dent on the systemic tendency to first device a cheaper alternative for the poor and then to promise Populous measures to improve it. In the absence of the systematic reform onc cannot hope for clearer perception of stronger will to counter the ideology which permits childhood to be defined differently for the labouring poor. The State's responsibility towards these precious, formative years of life has been suitably accommodated in the amended version of the same article 45 which Had served little use to achieve the purpose stated in it and which, therefore required the enhancement of article 21.
02
PYQ 2023
easy
english ID: cuet-pg-
Based on the given passage answer the questions 26 – 30 :
The court has made dissection of animals optional for Biology students. I wonder if another court order can be sought to make observation of nature a requirement of science study. A student can get through school with shining success without developing the ability to notice details in natural phenomena. There are children whose entire knowledge of nature comes from books, the blackboard, and a few laboratory experiments. In the case of some we can add a computer monitor. I wish the science syllabi might include a reading of the King Solomon’s Ring, a delightful classic on animal behavior and Jungle and Backyard, a collection of essays by the late M. Krishnan. It is a pity our children get no taste of the pleasures that careful observation of a cat , a fish, or a tree in natural circumstances can bring.
Books which are not fortunate enough to gain the status of textbooks mean nothing in our system. Otherwise, a remarkable book on trees written by Chakraborty S. Venkatesh would have made an impact. The kind of leisure it demands, and the freedom to connect things in One's mind it assumes, have no place in our schools because they are fixated on textbook based examinations.
I recall meeting a large group of children outside the wolf’s compound in the Tokyo zoo. Several hours later. I noticed the children and their teacher still busy with the wolf. They had spent the day watching every part and behavior of the wolf, taking notes and comparing their observations with those given in the books they were carrying.
Our children, of course, never get this kind of opportunity or training. A visit to the zoo means everything, just as our syllabi provide a cursory, whirlwind coverage of every topic and fact. A group of children was rushing past the photo exhibition at the Sabarmati Ashram. Two boys manage to stop at a picture for a few minutes, noticing something unusual in it. As I watched in horror, one of the teachers came back looking for the boys and the first thing she did on finding them was to slap and scold them for staying behind. Anyone who has hung around School corridors would know that teachers give priority to maintaining group discipline over appreciating individual curiosity or effort.
The court has made dissection of animals optional for Biology students. I wonder if another court order can be sought to make observation of nature a requirement of science study. A student can get through school with shining success without developing the ability to notice details in natural phenomena. There are children whose entire knowledge of nature comes from books, the blackboard, and a few laboratory experiments. In the case of some we can add a computer monitor. I wish the science syllabi might include a reading of the King Solomon’s Ring, a delightful classic on animal behavior and Jungle and Backyard, a collection of essays by the late M. Krishnan. It is a pity our children get no taste of the pleasures that careful observation of a cat , a fish, or a tree in natural circumstances can bring.
Books which are not fortunate enough to gain the status of textbooks mean nothing in our system. Otherwise, a remarkable book on trees written by Chakraborty S. Venkatesh would have made an impact. The kind of leisure it demands, and the freedom to connect things in One's mind it assumes, have no place in our schools because they are fixated on textbook based examinations.
I recall meeting a large group of children outside the wolf’s compound in the Tokyo zoo. Several hours later. I noticed the children and their teacher still busy with the wolf. They had spent the day watching every part and behavior of the wolf, taking notes and comparing their observations with those given in the books they were carrying.
Our children, of course, never get this kind of opportunity or training. A visit to the zoo means everything, just as our syllabi provide a cursory, whirlwind coverage of every topic and fact. A group of children was rushing past the photo exhibition at the Sabarmati Ashram. Two boys manage to stop at a picture for a few minutes, noticing something unusual in it. As I watched in horror, one of the teachers came back looking for the boys and the first thing she did on finding them was to slap and scold them for staying behind. Anyone who has hung around School corridors would know that teachers give priority to maintaining group discipline over appreciating individual curiosity or effort.
03
PYQ 2023
easy
english ID: cuet-pg-
Based on the given passage, answer the questions 31-35 :
We were nearly finished with listening to everybody's morning life when a myna came in, sat on the ceiling fan and started chattering loudly. Mala looked at her and said, "Sir, she too wants to talk about her morning routine!". This was a fine statement coming from Mala who was feeling a little inane since she had no special morning narrative to offer as a hosteller. Her remark cheered her up and everybody else too. It gave me an interesting idea which vaguely reflected the topic we had abandoned. I asked, how far do you think this myna has come from? No one took this question seriously, but it propelled me to go a step further, 'what else is present in our class that might have come from afar?' It was obvious that I was now referring to non-human participants but were they living or non-living? This question came from Rupal, one of the habitual late comers. 'Never mind', I said, 'say whatever you notice. She surprised everybody by saying that the electricity come from God knows where. Two students immediately intervened. 'you know it is coming from thermal power station'. "It might be coming from the national grid-it is all connected, you know." There was silence. Even the myna turned quiet. My job in such moments came down to prompting further, so I said, 'That's a great thought. Let us see if there are any other long-distance participants in our class.
My students started spotting things at a wild, inspired speed. Dust on the desks! The air! The sound of traffic! The dust seemed to have travelled the longest distance indeed-from Rajasthan as everybody thought. I was ready to conclude. "So, is that the longest commuter?" We were uncertain, but not quite ready to let the quest die. Jaya said "The sun has travelled lakhs of miles." I was stunned. So was everyone else. We had become aware of a phenomenon we had never thought about, how the sun came from so far away to make our class happen. The unpredicted outcomes of learning are far more important than the ones we can predict and plan for.
We were nearly finished with listening to everybody's morning life when a myna came in, sat on the ceiling fan and started chattering loudly. Mala looked at her and said, "Sir, she too wants to talk about her morning routine!". This was a fine statement coming from Mala who was feeling a little inane since she had no special morning narrative to offer as a hosteller. Her remark cheered her up and everybody else too. It gave me an interesting idea which vaguely reflected the topic we had abandoned. I asked, how far do you think this myna has come from? No one took this question seriously, but it propelled me to go a step further, 'what else is present in our class that might have come from afar?' It was obvious that I was now referring to non-human participants but were they living or non-living? This question came from Rupal, one of the habitual late comers. 'Never mind', I said, 'say whatever you notice. She surprised everybody by saying that the electricity come from God knows where. Two students immediately intervened. 'you know it is coming from thermal power station'. "It might be coming from the national grid-it is all connected, you know." There was silence. Even the myna turned quiet. My job in such moments came down to prompting further, so I said, 'That's a great thought. Let us see if there are any other long-distance participants in our class.
My students started spotting things at a wild, inspired speed. Dust on the desks! The air! The sound of traffic! The dust seemed to have travelled the longest distance indeed-from Rajasthan as everybody thought. I was ready to conclude. "So, is that the longest commuter?" We were uncertain, but not quite ready to let the quest die. Jaya said "The sun has travelled lakhs of miles." I was stunned. So was everyone else. We had become aware of a phenomenon we had never thought about, how the sun came from so far away to make our class happen. The unpredicted outcomes of learning are far more important than the ones we can predict and plan for.
04
PYQ 2023
easy
english ID: cuet-pg-
TOI's Tiger Anthem celebrates the 'biggest superstars' of India
A mother with her child, lilting music, and a message that celebrates a milestone. India's first tiger anthema - a song and a short film on a tigress and her cub-composed and created as a part of Time of India's #savingourstripes initiative, was launched by Union environment minister Bhupender Yadav on Wednesday. TOI's initiative marks the golden jubilee of project tiger.
Shantanu Moitra, music director of films like "3 Idiots" and "Parineeta", composed the song. "Usually, I compose songs for Bollywood superstars, but after working on this anthem, I have realized that the tiger is the biggest superstar," he said. Acclaimed wildlife filmmaker S Nallamuthu shot the visuals, and poet/lyricist Tanveer Ghazi penned the words.
The short film celebrates the bond between a tigress and her cub. The target audience for the foot-tapping song is today's children, who will have to carry forward the spirit that made project Tiger a world-class success.
Launching the anthem, Yadav praised it for focusing on the simple joys of nature and for reminding humans that animals aren't greedy.
A mother with her child, lilting music, and a message that celebrates a milestone. India's first tiger anthema - a song and a short film on a tigress and her cub-composed and created as a part of Time of India's #savingourstripes initiative, was launched by Union environment minister Bhupender Yadav on Wednesday. TOI's initiative marks the golden jubilee of project tiger.
Shantanu Moitra, music director of films like "3 Idiots" and "Parineeta", composed the song. "Usually, I compose songs for Bollywood superstars, but after working on this anthem, I have realized that the tiger is the biggest superstar," he said. Acclaimed wildlife filmmaker S Nallamuthu shot the visuals, and poet/lyricist Tanveer Ghazi penned the words.
The short film celebrates the bond between a tigress and her cub. The target audience for the foot-tapping song is today's children, who will have to carry forward the spirit that made project Tiger a world-class success.
Launching the anthem, Yadav praised it for focusing on the simple joys of nature and for reminding humans that animals aren't greedy.
05
PYQ 2023
easy
english ID: cuet-pg-
Read the following passage and answer the next five questions by choosing the correct option:
Mara, a 24-year-old university student, seeks help for anxiety. She describes feeling paralyzed when thinking about climate change and the future; Leon, 51 and a father of three, requests treatment for panic attacks. They started last year after he and his family evacuated their home again due to wildfires; Isabel, a 16-year-old climate activist, wants support due to ruminating about the climate crisis to the extent that she can't focus on schoolwork.
The opening vignettes demonstrate that the climate change crisis is taking a toll on people's mental health. Uncertainty, unpredictability, and uncontrollability are three fundamental characteristics of climate change. Recent reviews have shown that the negative impacts of climate change are complex, manifest cognitively, emotionally, and physically and affect behaviours, relationships, and overall well- being. One such manifestation is anxiety related to the ongoing anthropogenic climate change or ecological doom, referred to as eco-anxiety.
The condition overlaps with other mental health disorders in the form of negative, and automatic reactions to a felt threat. However, most empirical studies on eco- anxiety to date surveyed the low-risk groups with smaller and unrepresentative samples. Rigorous research is needed to more completely understand it, clarify its distinct characteristics and contextual factors, and articulate its relationship with other mental health conditions.
Experiences of eco-anxiety often include dystopian thoughts and apocalyptic perceptions about the future, negative and sometimes intense emotions such as fear, anger, guild, grief, and despair, as well as behavioural manifestations such as insomnia and panic attacks. Causes and triggers of eco-anxiety vary from direct exposure to traumatic extreme weather events like floods, hurricanes, and wildfires to maladaptation to long-term environmental changes like land loss, water scarcity, and pollution. It can also manifest in individuals without direct experience of climate change, simply from the awareness of the potential existential threat it presents.
Health professionals are improving ways to communicate climate concerns. Their voices are imperative for climate change communication and transformation. However, the urgency and complexity of ecological and climate crisis demand an interdisciplinary approach. Other disciplines can help advance these efforts by providing opportunities for innovative thinking and practice, such as with a sociological perspective regarding structures and connections in society; a political scientific approach to tension, conflict, and social movement; and communication strategies for patient-provider interaction, social support, community outreach, and public engagement.
Media coverage of ecological crisis can evoke eco-anxiety. Current messages about climate change are overwhelmingly negative, both linguistically and visually, contributing to a sense of doom and gloom. Hope is central to humanity's survival and flourishing. Yet some caution that hope alone is not a panacea.
Mara, a 24-year-old university student, seeks help for anxiety. She describes feeling paralyzed when thinking about climate change and the future; Leon, 51 and a father of three, requests treatment for panic attacks. They started last year after he and his family evacuated their home again due to wildfires; Isabel, a 16-year-old climate activist, wants support due to ruminating about the climate crisis to the extent that she can't focus on schoolwork.
The opening vignettes demonstrate that the climate change crisis is taking a toll on people's mental health. Uncertainty, unpredictability, and uncontrollability are three fundamental characteristics of climate change. Recent reviews have shown that the negative impacts of climate change are complex, manifest cognitively, emotionally, and physically and affect behaviours, relationships, and overall well- being. One such manifestation is anxiety related to the ongoing anthropogenic climate change or ecological doom, referred to as eco-anxiety.
The condition overlaps with other mental health disorders in the form of negative, and automatic reactions to a felt threat. However, most empirical studies on eco- anxiety to date surveyed the low-risk groups with smaller and unrepresentative samples. Rigorous research is needed to more completely understand it, clarify its distinct characteristics and contextual factors, and articulate its relationship with other mental health conditions.
Experiences of eco-anxiety often include dystopian thoughts and apocalyptic perceptions about the future, negative and sometimes intense emotions such as fear, anger, guild, grief, and despair, as well as behavioural manifestations such as insomnia and panic attacks. Causes and triggers of eco-anxiety vary from direct exposure to traumatic extreme weather events like floods, hurricanes, and wildfires to maladaptation to long-term environmental changes like land loss, water scarcity, and pollution. It can also manifest in individuals without direct experience of climate change, simply from the awareness of the potential existential threat it presents.
Health professionals are improving ways to communicate climate concerns. Their voices are imperative for climate change communication and transformation. However, the urgency and complexity of ecological and climate crisis demand an interdisciplinary approach. Other disciplines can help advance these efforts by providing opportunities for innovative thinking and practice, such as with a sociological perspective regarding structures and connections in society; a political scientific approach to tension, conflict, and social movement; and communication strategies for patient-provider interaction, social support, community outreach, and public engagement.
Media coverage of ecological crisis can evoke eco-anxiety. Current messages about climate change are overwhelmingly negative, both linguistically and visually, contributing to a sense of doom and gloom. Hope is central to humanity's survival and flourishing. Yet some caution that hope alone is not a panacea.
06
PYQ 2023
easy
english ID: cuet-pg-
Forty-one children were on Wednesday rescued from 12 toy factories in southwest Delhi's Azad Market. Police sealed the factories on Ram Bagh Road and booked their owners.
The rescue operation was jointly conducted by Bachpan Bachao Andolan (BBA), SDM (Kotwali) Daryaganj. the labour department, Bal Vikas Dhara and Delhi Police. All children are aged between 13 and 17 years and belong to states like Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal.
The rescue teams said the children were living in "horrible" conditions. According to a member. "their clothes were torn, and they were starved and overworked".
A 13-year-old boy, originally form West Bengal, said he and the other children would start their day around 9am and work till 12 midnight—a gruelling 15 hours each day making toy parts at the factories. Afterwards, they used to sleep in a cramped space inside the factory.
Terming it "a shame for the society", BBA director Manish Sharma said, "Even after decades for achieving independence, we haven't been able to free our kids from child labour. Children who should have been playing with toys are making toys and working as slaves. Such incidents should make us all ashamed and angry." In February this year, about 30 children working in various toy manufacturing units were rescued from Wazirpur Industrial Area in northwest Delhi. Following this, Delhi high court had directed that a committee be formed under the supervision of the Delhi chief secretary and district DCPs, in close coordination with the labour and women and child welfare departments and MCD, to inspect the premises of units that employed child labourers.
The rescue operation was jointly conducted by Bachpan Bachao Andolan (BBA), SDM (Kotwali) Daryaganj. the labour department, Bal Vikas Dhara and Delhi Police. All children are aged between 13 and 17 years and belong to states like Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal.
The rescue teams said the children were living in "horrible" conditions. According to a member. "their clothes were torn, and they were starved and overworked".
A 13-year-old boy, originally form West Bengal, said he and the other children would start their day around 9am and work till 12 midnight—a gruelling 15 hours each day making toy parts at the factories. Afterwards, they used to sleep in a cramped space inside the factory.
Terming it "a shame for the society", BBA director Manish Sharma said, "Even after decades for achieving independence, we haven't been able to free our kids from child labour. Children who should have been playing with toys are making toys and working as slaves. Such incidents should make us all ashamed and angry." In February this year, about 30 children working in various toy manufacturing units were rescued from Wazirpur Industrial Area in northwest Delhi. Following this, Delhi high court had directed that a committee be formed under the supervision of the Delhi chief secretary and district DCPs, in close coordination with the labour and women and child welfare departments and MCD, to inspect the premises of units that employed child labourers.
07
PYQ 2023
easy
english ID: cuet-pg-
During my vist to Cuttack I participated in the birthday celebration of the late Justice Harihar Mahapatra, I went there at the invitation of justice Ranganath Mishra. For me, it was a revelation, how the independence movement, the first vision for the nation, had created the larger-than-life figure of Justice Harihar Mahapatra. He lived to the age of ninety-two and established Cuttack Eye Hospital, Utkal University and above all organized multi-pronged efforts to remove poverty. My biography in Oriya was released. At the end of my speech the youngsters crowding around put forth many questions.
The first question was, 'Sir, tells us which are your favourite books, that you loved and which have shaped your mind?'
I said, 'Four books in my life have been very close to my heart. I cherish treading them. The first is Man the Unknown by Dr Alexis Carrel, a doctor turned-philosopher and a Nobel laureate. This book highlights how the mind and body both have to be treated in an ailment as the two are integrated. You cannot treat one and ignore the other. In Particular, children who dream of becoming doctors should read the book. They will learn that the human body a mechanical system it is a very intelligant on with a most intricate and sensitive feedback system. The second book, one I venerate, is Tiruvalluvar's Thirukkural, which provides an excellent code of life. The third Light from Many Lamps by Lillian Eichler Watson which has touched me deeply. It illuminates how we live and has been an invaluable guide to me for fifty years. And the Holy Quran is, of course, a constant companion.'
The first question was, 'Sir, tells us which are your favourite books, that you loved and which have shaped your mind?'
I said, 'Four books in my life have been very close to my heart. I cherish treading them. The first is Man the Unknown by Dr Alexis Carrel, a doctor turned-philosopher and a Nobel laureate. This book highlights how the mind and body both have to be treated in an ailment as the two are integrated. You cannot treat one and ignore the other. In Particular, children who dream of becoming doctors should read the book. They will learn that the human body a mechanical system it is a very intelligant on with a most intricate and sensitive feedback system. The second book, one I venerate, is Tiruvalluvar's Thirukkural, which provides an excellent code of life. The third Light from Many Lamps by Lillian Eichler Watson which has touched me deeply. It illuminates how we live and has been an invaluable guide to me for fifty years. And the Holy Quran is, of course, a constant companion.'
08
PYQ 2023
easy
english ID: cuet-pg-
Sutapa Chakraborty
Rudyard Kipling honoured motherhood with these words: "God could not be everywhere and, therefore, he made mothers." This is similar to what Sarada Devi, reffered to as Holy Mother by her disciples, would say quoting her husband, Ramakrishana Paramhansa: "He had the attitude of a mother towards all creations and he has left me behind to demonstrate this motherhood of God." That, she said, was her purpose in life.
A mother's role is multifaceted. She is also her child's first teacher. And Sarada Devi fully imbibed and imparted the philosophy of 'Vigyan Vedanta', demonstrating how all those teachings could be applied to make our own lives blessed.
In her own way, she taught "as many faiths, so many paths", Brahmn, according to her, was in all things and in all creatures. Though the realised souls have imparted different teachings, and they don't say the same thing, however, since there are many paths leading to the same goal, all of their teachings are true. She gave a unique analogy for this. Imagine a tree with birds of different colours and plumage sitting and singing a wide variety of notes in varying octaves. We do not say that any one particular bird's chirp is the chirp, and the rest are not. She would say that founders of all religions are realised souls and they have witnessed diffferent aspects of God on the basis of their own experience, and they are all correct as they have indeed known the truth. They are wrong in generalising it, though. Actually, they are only referring to different forms and aspects of one and the same infinite, divine reality.
Demonstrating harmony of religions in her day-to-day life and a mother's unconditional love for all, Sri Ma would say that the Muslim labourer called Amjad working for her was as much her son as was Sarat, Swami Saradananda, her personal attendant. When Sister Nivedita, Swami Vivekananda's disciple, came to visit her, Ma Sarada embraced and accepted her as her own daughter. She maintained that the infinite divine reality is nirgun formless, in one aspect, and also sagun, with form. Once, when asked by a monk, "Are you really the mother of all? Even the birds, insects and beasts?" She said, "Yes". At her home in Jayrambati, West Bengal, when a monk once hit a cat, the Holy Mother was deeply hurt and said, "Don't beat it. Feed it, so it will not steal food. I live in that cat."
Pray for desirelessness, was her advice. If one can entirely give up all wordly desires, they can get a vision of God right away, she believed. Her final and most profound teaching was that if you want peace of mind, do not find faults with others. Rather, learn to see your own faults. "Learn to accept the whole world as your own. No one is a stranger, my child," she would say.
Rudyard Kipling honoured motherhood with these words: "God could not be everywhere and, therefore, he made mothers." This is similar to what Sarada Devi, reffered to as Holy Mother by her disciples, would say quoting her husband, Ramakrishana Paramhansa: "He had the attitude of a mother towards all creations and he has left me behind to demonstrate this motherhood of God." That, she said, was her purpose in life.
A mother's role is multifaceted. She is also her child's first teacher. And Sarada Devi fully imbibed and imparted the philosophy of 'Vigyan Vedanta', demonstrating how all those teachings could be applied to make our own lives blessed.
In her own way, she taught "as many faiths, so many paths", Brahmn, according to her, was in all things and in all creatures. Though the realised souls have imparted different teachings, and they don't say the same thing, however, since there are many paths leading to the same goal, all of their teachings are true. She gave a unique analogy for this. Imagine a tree with birds of different colours and plumage sitting and singing a wide variety of notes in varying octaves. We do not say that any one particular bird's chirp is the chirp, and the rest are not. She would say that founders of all religions are realised souls and they have witnessed diffferent aspects of God on the basis of their own experience, and they are all correct as they have indeed known the truth. They are wrong in generalising it, though. Actually, they are only referring to different forms and aspects of one and the same infinite, divine reality.
Demonstrating harmony of religions in her day-to-day life and a mother's unconditional love for all, Sri Ma would say that the Muslim labourer called Amjad working for her was as much her son as was Sarat, Swami Saradananda, her personal attendant. When Sister Nivedita, Swami Vivekananda's disciple, came to visit her, Ma Sarada embraced and accepted her as her own daughter. She maintained that the infinite divine reality is nirgun formless, in one aspect, and also sagun, with form. Once, when asked by a monk, "Are you really the mother of all? Even the birds, insects and beasts?" She said, "Yes". At her home in Jayrambati, West Bengal, when a monk once hit a cat, the Holy Mother was deeply hurt and said, "Don't beat it. Feed it, so it will not steal food. I live in that cat."
Pray for desirelessness, was her advice. If one can entirely give up all wordly desires, they can get a vision of God right away, she believed. Her final and most profound teaching was that if you want peace of mind, do not find faults with others. Rather, learn to see your own faults. "Learn to accept the whole world as your own. No one is a stranger, my child," she would say.
09
PYQ 2023
easy
english ID: cuet-pg-
Amid consistent rise in deaths of pedestrians and cyclists, Punjab has taken the lead among the states and UTs to implement the 'right to walk' by making it mandatory for all road owning agencies, including the NHAI, to provide foot path and cycle tracks in all future expansion of roads and construction of new ones, reports Dipak Dash.
The state government has issued these directions following two court orders after PILs were filed at Punjab and Haryana HC and another in the Supreme Court. As per a communication from Punjab chief secretary Vijay Kumar Janjua to Punjab government's traffic adviser, Navdeep Asija, "in future all expansions of existing roads and construction of new roads, a mandatory provision of cycle tracks and footpaths should be made by all road owning departments and agencies".
The letter sent last week added that all agencies such as the public works department, local bodies, NHAI and urban development departments have been instructed to prepare an action plan to construct footpaths and cycle tracks with a time frame and budget provision.
TIMES VIEW: The right to walk is a cool idea. Pedestrian walkways and cycle tracks must be built everywhere. However, we must also audit the existing tracks and examine their lacunae. For instance, such tracks are regularly invaded by motorbikes. That apart, pedestrian-only tracks often have huge gaps, which makes walking a dangerous exercise. In other words, the right to walk must be converted into a proper mission with every angle taken care of to make it a success.
The state government has issued these directions following two court orders after PILs were filed at Punjab and Haryana HC and another in the Supreme Court. As per a communication from Punjab chief secretary Vijay Kumar Janjua to Punjab government's traffic adviser, Navdeep Asija, "in future all expansions of existing roads and construction of new roads, a mandatory provision of cycle tracks and footpaths should be made by all road owning departments and agencies".
The letter sent last week added that all agencies such as the public works department, local bodies, NHAI and urban development departments have been instructed to prepare an action plan to construct footpaths and cycle tracks with a time frame and budget provision.
TIMES VIEW: The right to walk is a cool idea. Pedestrian walkways and cycle tracks must be built everywhere. However, we must also audit the existing tracks and examine their lacunae. For instance, such tracks are regularly invaded by motorbikes. That apart, pedestrian-only tracks often have huge gaps, which makes walking a dangerous exercise. In other words, the right to walk must be converted into a proper mission with every angle taken care of to make it a success.
10
PYQ 2023
easy
english ID: cuet-pg-
It depends on who is giving the rating: Centre on India's rank in press freedom index
KRISHNADAS RAJAGOPAL, NEW DELHI
Solicitor-General Tushar Mehta, appearing for the government in the Supreme Court on Tuesday, made light of India's fall to 161st position in press freedom ranking, saying "that depends on who is giving the rating. I can have my own forum and give India the first rating".
The remake was in response to the Supreme Court's observation that India has fallen to the 161st position out of 180 countries in the World Press Freedom Index published by the non-profit organization, reporters Without Borders. In 2022, India was ranked at 150.
India is ranked behind countries such as Afghanistan, Pakistan and Somalia. "India is 161 in ranking in journalistic freedom," Justice K.M. Joseph, addressed the Union and Gujarat government, represented by Mr. Mehta during a hearing in the Billkis Bano case.
HEARING ON JULY 10
Change between Justice Joseph and Mr. Meht came while the Supreme Court ordered the publication of a notice giving the details of the case and the next date of court hearing, July 10, in two vernacular papers in Gujarat to alert those unserved among the 11 convicts who were released prematurely from their life imprisonment. They had been found guilty of the gang rape of Ms. Bano and the murder of her family members. Ms. Banop and other writ petitioners have separately challenged their remission.
The hearing, at one point, saw the Supreme Court wonder whether some of the released convicts were making a "mockery" of or even "playing" with the court by either going incognito to hamper the serving of notice of the case on them or seeking time to file counter affidavits. Previous hearings have been a no go with lawyers for the men seeking adjournment on procedural grounds.
The court decided to publish the notice in the newspapers so that the convicts would not take the plea of ignorance and the case could go ahead and be heard on merits.
KRISHNADAS RAJAGOPAL, NEW DELHI
Solicitor-General Tushar Mehta, appearing for the government in the Supreme Court on Tuesday, made light of India's fall to 161st position in press freedom ranking, saying "that depends on who is giving the rating. I can have my own forum and give India the first rating".
The remake was in response to the Supreme Court's observation that India has fallen to the 161st position out of 180 countries in the World Press Freedom Index published by the non-profit organization, reporters Without Borders. In 2022, India was ranked at 150.
India is ranked behind countries such as Afghanistan, Pakistan and Somalia. "India is 161 in ranking in journalistic freedom," Justice K.M. Joseph, addressed the Union and Gujarat government, represented by Mr. Mehta during a hearing in the Billkis Bano case.
HEARING ON JULY 10
Change between Justice Joseph and Mr. Meht came while the Supreme Court ordered the publication of a notice giving the details of the case and the next date of court hearing, July 10, in two vernacular papers in Gujarat to alert those unserved among the 11 convicts who were released prematurely from their life imprisonment. They had been found guilty of the gang rape of Ms. Bano and the murder of her family members. Ms. Banop and other writ petitioners have separately challenged their remission.
The hearing, at one point, saw the Supreme Court wonder whether some of the released convicts were making a "mockery" of or even "playing" with the court by either going incognito to hamper the serving of notice of the case on them or seeking time to file counter affidavits. Previous hearings have been a no go with lawyers for the men seeking adjournment on procedural grounds.
The court decided to publish the notice in the newspapers so that the convicts would not take the plea of ignorance and the case could go ahead and be heard on merits.
11
PYQ 2023
easy
english ID: cuet-pg-
The SC said, "Postings within the state cadre as well as joint cadre of a constituent state shall be made by the government of that state', that is, by the duly elected government. In our case, it shall be the government of NCTD. We, accordingly, hold that references to 'state government in relevant rules of All India Services or joint cadre services, of which NCTD is a part or which are in relation to NCTD, shall mean the government of NCTD."
CJI Chandrachud said this case dealt with the asymmetric federal model of governance in India involving the contest of power between a Union Territory and the Union government. The issue was who would have control over 'services in NCTD a government of the NCTD or the LG acting on behalf of the Union government a question which arose subsequent to a May 21, 2015, notification by the Union ministry of home affairs that gave the upper hand to the centre on 'services' in relation to the government of NCTD.
While ruling that Delhi government had legislative and executive power over services except on land, police and public order, the bench, importantly, said GNCTD being one of its kind (sui generis") Union Territory, parliament would have overriding legislative power over all subjects in list 2 (which are exclusive domains of state legislatures) and Last 3 (Concurrent List subjects on which both parliament and assemblies can legislate with primacy given to parliament enacted laws). This means, if the Delhi assembly enacts any law on any subject, parliament can pass a law "adding, amending and repealing" the legislation passed by the Delhi assembly.
Dwelling on federalism and responsibilities of an elected government, the CJI said, "In a democratic form of government, the real power of administration must reside in the elected arm of the state, subject to the confines of the constitution. A constitutionally entrenched and democratically elected government needs to have control over its administration. If a democratically elected government is not provided with the power to control the officers posted within its domain, then the principle underlying the triple chain of collective responsibility would become redundant." It explained the triple chains as civil service officers being accountable to ministers, ministers being accountable to parliament/legislature and parliament/legislature being accountable to the electorate.
"That is to say, if the government is not able to control and hold to account the officers posted in its service, then its responsibility towards the legislature as well as the public is diluted. The principle of collective responsibility extends to the responsibility of officers, who in turn report to the ministers." the SC said.
Taking into account the AAP government's allegation that bureaucrats were not listening to ministers in the elected government because of the centre's interference, the five- judge bench said, "If the officers stop reporting to the ministers or do not abide by their directions, the entire principle of collective responsibility is affected.
"A democratically elected government can perform only when there is an awareness on the the part of officers of the consequences which may ensue if they do not perform. If the officers feel that they are insulated from the control of the elected government which they are serving, then they become unaccountable or may not show commitment towards their performance."
Explaining the risks of an unaccountable bureaucracy in a democratic form of governance where accountability is well defined under the triple chain of command, the bench said, "An unaccountable and non-responsive civil service may pose a serious problem of governance in a democracy. It creates a possibility that the permanent executive, consisting of unelected civil service officers, who play a decisive role in implementation of government policy, may act in ways that disregard the will of the electorate."
CJI Chandrachud said this case dealt with the asymmetric federal model of governance in India involving the contest of power between a Union Territory and the Union government. The issue was who would have control over 'services in NCTD a government of the NCTD or the LG acting on behalf of the Union government a question which arose subsequent to a May 21, 2015, notification by the Union ministry of home affairs that gave the upper hand to the centre on 'services' in relation to the government of NCTD.
While ruling that Delhi government had legislative and executive power over services except on land, police and public order, the bench, importantly, said GNCTD being one of its kind (sui generis") Union Territory, parliament would have overriding legislative power over all subjects in list 2 (which are exclusive domains of state legislatures) and Last 3 (Concurrent List subjects on which both parliament and assemblies can legislate with primacy given to parliament enacted laws). This means, if the Delhi assembly enacts any law on any subject, parliament can pass a law "adding, amending and repealing" the legislation passed by the Delhi assembly.
Dwelling on federalism and responsibilities of an elected government, the CJI said, "In a democratic form of government, the real power of administration must reside in the elected arm of the state, subject to the confines of the constitution. A constitutionally entrenched and democratically elected government needs to have control over its administration. If a democratically elected government is not provided with the power to control the officers posted within its domain, then the principle underlying the triple chain of collective responsibility would become redundant." It explained the triple chains as civil service officers being accountable to ministers, ministers being accountable to parliament/legislature and parliament/legislature being accountable to the electorate.
"That is to say, if the government is not able to control and hold to account the officers posted in its service, then its responsibility towards the legislature as well as the public is diluted. The principle of collective responsibility extends to the responsibility of officers, who in turn report to the ministers." the SC said.
Taking into account the AAP government's allegation that bureaucrats were not listening to ministers in the elected government because of the centre's interference, the five- judge bench said, "If the officers stop reporting to the ministers or do not abide by their directions, the entire principle of collective responsibility is affected.
"A democratically elected government can perform only when there is an awareness on the the part of officers of the consequences which may ensue if they do not perform. If the officers feel that they are insulated from the control of the elected government which they are serving, then they become unaccountable or may not show commitment towards their performance."
Explaining the risks of an unaccountable bureaucracy in a democratic form of governance where accountability is well defined under the triple chain of command, the bench said, "An unaccountable and non-responsive civil service may pose a serious problem of governance in a democracy. It creates a possibility that the permanent executive, consisting of unelected civil service officers, who play a decisive role in implementation of government policy, may act in ways that disregard the will of the electorate."
12
PYQ 2023
easy
english ID: cuet-pg-
Read the following passageand answer the next five questions by choosing the correct options:-
Kalidasa's status as the major poet and dramatist in classical Sanskrit literature is unquestioned. once: when poets were counted. Kalidasa occupied the little finger: the ring finger remains unnamed true to its name: for his second has not been found. That is high praise. Kalidasa's accomplishment is distinguished not only by the excellence of the individual works. but by the many-sided which the whole achievements displays. He is a dramatist. a writer of epic and a lyric poet of extraordinary scope. In his hands the language attaind a remarkable flexibility. becoming an instrument capable of sounding many moods and nauaces of feeling: a language that is limpid and flowing. musical. uncluttered by the verbal virtuosities indulged in by writters who followed him: yet. remaining a language loaded in every the rift with the rich ores of the literacy and mythical allusiveness of his cultural. heritage By welding different elements to treat new genres. his important as an innovator in the history of Sanskrit literature its clearly eastblished. The brilliant medieval lyric poet. Jayadeva. in praising Kalidasa i-kula-guru (master of Poets). Conveys his recognition of this aspect of the poet greatness. Bana. the celebrated author of the prose-romance kadambari exclaimed.
Who is not delighted when Kalidasa's perfect versa spring forth their sweetness. like honey-filled cluster of flowers?
Thus drawing attention to the exquisite craftsmanship of the poet's verse for nearly two millnuua. Kalidasa's works have been read with deep appreciation widely commented upon and lavishly praised. It would be safe to assume that the poet enjoyed success. fame and affluence during this lifetime. We sense no hint of dissatisfaction in his works, no sign bitterness at not receiving due recognition. Yet, we do not possess any information about him. his life and the times in which that life unfolded and fulfilled itself. All we are left with are a few legends. The poet has drawn as veil of silence round himself so complete that even his real name is unknown to posterity. No name is affixed to the poems and epic: they have come down to us virtually anonymous. What information we possess is derived from references to them by later poets and writers and the commentaries written on them and from inscriptions. The name is met with only in the plays. where in each prologue. die author styles himself as Kalidasa. Like others in Sanskrit literature. this name is descriptive: Vyasa. meaning 'the compile?. is the author of the Mahabharata. Vahniki. he who emerged from the anthil (valmika): of the Ramayana Similarly Kali-dasa means the votary or servant of Kali is time in the feminine (Bala is time): the concept of times as creative principle is an old as Vedas. We can then translate the name Kali-dasa as 'the secant of time. a phrase that prompts us to explore its significance.
Kalidasa's status as the major poet and dramatist in classical Sanskrit literature is unquestioned. once: when poets were counted. Kalidasa occupied the little finger: the ring finger remains unnamed true to its name: for his second has not been found. That is high praise. Kalidasa's accomplishment is distinguished not only by the excellence of the individual works. but by the many-sided which the whole achievements displays. He is a dramatist. a writer of epic and a lyric poet of extraordinary scope. In his hands the language attaind a remarkable flexibility. becoming an instrument capable of sounding many moods and nauaces of feeling: a language that is limpid and flowing. musical. uncluttered by the verbal virtuosities indulged in by writters who followed him: yet. remaining a language loaded in every the rift with the rich ores of the literacy and mythical allusiveness of his cultural. heritage By welding different elements to treat new genres. his important as an innovator in the history of Sanskrit literature its clearly eastblished. The brilliant medieval lyric poet. Jayadeva. in praising Kalidasa i-kula-guru (master of Poets). Conveys his recognition of this aspect of the poet greatness. Bana. the celebrated author of the prose-romance kadambari exclaimed.
Who is not delighted when Kalidasa's perfect versa spring forth their sweetness. like honey-filled cluster of flowers?
Thus drawing attention to the exquisite craftsmanship of the poet's verse for nearly two millnuua. Kalidasa's works have been read with deep appreciation widely commented upon and lavishly praised. It would be safe to assume that the poet enjoyed success. fame and affluence during this lifetime. We sense no hint of dissatisfaction in his works, no sign bitterness at not receiving due recognition. Yet, we do not possess any information about him. his life and the times in which that life unfolded and fulfilled itself. All we are left with are a few legends. The poet has drawn as veil of silence round himself so complete that even his real name is unknown to posterity. No name is affixed to the poems and epic: they have come down to us virtually anonymous. What information we possess is derived from references to them by later poets and writers and the commentaries written on them and from inscriptions. The name is met with only in the plays. where in each prologue. die author styles himself as Kalidasa. Like others in Sanskrit literature. this name is descriptive: Vyasa. meaning 'the compile?. is the author of the Mahabharata. Vahniki. he who emerged from the anthil (valmika): of the Ramayana Similarly Kali-dasa means the votary or servant of Kali is time in the feminine (Bala is time): the concept of times as creative principle is an old as Vedas. We can then translate the name Kali-dasa as 'the secant of time. a phrase that prompts us to explore its significance.
13
PYQ 2023
easy
english ID: cuet-pg-
Select the most appropriate option from the given alternatives:
It's really something from the past-
when you and I split up
without any regrets-
just one thing that I don't quite understand.
When we were saying our farewells
and our house was up for sale
the empty pots and pans strewn across the courtyard-
perhaps they were gazing into our eyes
and others that were upside down-
perhaps they were hiding their faces from us.
A faded vine over the door,
perhaps it was confiding something to us
- or grumbling to the faucet.
Things such as these
never cross my mind;
It's really something from the past-
when you and I split up
without any regrets-
just one thing that I don't quite understand.
When we were saying our farewells
and our house was up for sale
the empty pots and pans strewn across the courtyard-
perhaps they were gazing into our eyes
and others that were upside down-
perhaps they were hiding their faces from us.
A faded vine over the door,
perhaps it was confiding something to us
- or grumbling to the faucet.
Things such as these
never cross my mind;
14
PYQ 2023
easy
english ID: cuet-pg-
"The success rate of transplants with living donors is higher than with brain-dead donors.' Unlike in western countries where cadaver donor transplantation is predominant, in India there has been a rise of living liver donors". Living donors or liver transplant (LDLT) can save patients with locally advanced liver cancer and acute liver failure though deceased donor liver transplant (DDLT) in not suitable for most patients. LDLT can be done as soon as a family member is found fit to donate a part of the liver, while DDLT requires waiting in India for 6-18 months." Dr. S.K. Sarin, Director, Institution of Liver and Biliary Science, said, "A deceased donor is mostly preferred because of the risks to a living donor. But when the requirement is for, say 2,000 donors, we get just 300-400 deceased donors. But even with non-living donors, there are challenges, often even people aged 35 are obese or consume alcohol in large amounts. More than 60% of the donors are wives or mothers".
As per government rule, the donor has to be a first degree relative of the recipient, that is a husband, wife, brother, sister, father, mother, son or daughter. A healthy living donor can donate up to 60% of the liver, which grows back to normal size in 4-6 weeks.
"In north India, DDLT constitutes 3-4% of transplants, while in South India, it is higher at 10-15 %. Overall, 92% of recipients recover well, said Dr. Neerav Goyal of Apollo Hospitals. "The recipient goes on long term immuno-suppressant medications, usually life-long." Liver transplants do have some risks. "A thrombus may form in the blood vessels during the surgical process. The liver can also be rejected by the patient's body", pointed out Dr. Bhushan Bhole, senior consultant, GI surgery and liver transplantation, PSRI Hospital "A donated organ acts as a foreign organ and the body may not accept it."
Liver failure occurs due to non-alcoholic cirrhosis, alcoholic liver diseases, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C. Another factor is acute liver failure in a short time due to Hepatitis A and E drug toxicity due to anti-TB medicines.
Post-transplant care involves regular blood tests and lifelong administration of medicines to prevent transplant rejection. These costs around Rs. 5,000 a month. But despite the need for long-term medication and regular follows ups, liver transplant recipients have an excellent quantity of life and a normal life expectancy. "More than 250 patients I know have lived 15-25 years after transplant, some of the little kids we transplanted have now become doctors, lawyers and sportspersons got married and have children of their own." smiled Arvinder Soin.
As per government rule, the donor has to be a first degree relative of the recipient, that is a husband, wife, brother, sister, father, mother, son or daughter. A healthy living donor can donate up to 60% of the liver, which grows back to normal size in 4-6 weeks.
"In north India, DDLT constitutes 3-4% of transplants, while in South India, it is higher at 10-15 %. Overall, 92% of recipients recover well, said Dr. Neerav Goyal of Apollo Hospitals. "The recipient goes on long term immuno-suppressant medications, usually life-long." Liver transplants do have some risks. "A thrombus may form in the blood vessels during the surgical process. The liver can also be rejected by the patient's body", pointed out Dr. Bhushan Bhole, senior consultant, GI surgery and liver transplantation, PSRI Hospital "A donated organ acts as a foreign organ and the body may not accept it."
Liver failure occurs due to non-alcoholic cirrhosis, alcoholic liver diseases, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C. Another factor is acute liver failure in a short time due to Hepatitis A and E drug toxicity due to anti-TB medicines.
Post-transplant care involves regular blood tests and lifelong administration of medicines to prevent transplant rejection. These costs around Rs. 5,000 a month. But despite the need for long-term medication and regular follows ups, liver transplant recipients have an excellent quantity of life and a normal life expectancy. "More than 250 patients I know have lived 15-25 years after transplant, some of the little kids we transplanted have now become doctors, lawyers and sportspersons got married and have children of their own." smiled Arvinder Soin.
15
PYQ 2023
easy
english ID: cuet-pg-
I will arise and go now, and go to Innisfree,
And a small cabin build there, of clay and wattles made:
Nine bean rows will I have there, and a hive for the honey-bee,
And live alone in the bee-loud glade.
And I shall have some peace there, for peace come dropping slow,
Dropping from the veils of the morning to where the cricket sings:
There midnight's all a glimmer, and noon a purple glow,
And evening full of the linnet's wings.
I will arise and go now, for always night and day
I hear lake water lapping with low sounds by the shore:
While I stand on the roadway, or on the pavements grey,
I hear it in the deep heart's core.
And a small cabin build there, of clay and wattles made:
Nine bean rows will I have there, and a hive for the honey-bee,
And live alone in the bee-loud glade.
And I shall have some peace there, for peace come dropping slow,
Dropping from the veils of the morning to where the cricket sings:
There midnight's all a glimmer, and noon a purple glow,
And evening full of the linnet's wings.
I will arise and go now, for always night and day
I hear lake water lapping with low sounds by the shore:
While I stand on the roadway, or on the pavements grey,
I hear it in the deep heart's core.
16
PYQ 2023
easy
english ID: cuet-pg-
Captain Vs Generals
Pak army doesn't want to take over govt but it doesn't know how post-Imran-arrest protest will pan out
Following Imran Khan's dramatic arrest on Tuesday, Pakistan's 'polycrisis' has not only deepened but also morphed into a systemic question for that country. There can be no doubting that the manner of khan's arrest - it is the paramilitary Rangers that picked him up from the premises of the Islamabad high court was meant to send out a clear message to the former Pakistani PM: that he had crossed a red line by repeatedly pointing fingers at Pakistan's military-security establishment. But Khan has emerged as the most popular Pakistani leader in over a decade. And his refusal to play by the army's hybrid regime playbook has brought Pakistan to an inflection point.
As protests by Khan's PTI supporters spread, the hybrid regime is facing its sternest test. By all accounts the Shehbaz Sharif government wants to delay national polls scheduled for later this year.. It hopes this will take the wind out of Khan's political sails as cases pile up against him-the latest being the indictment in the Toshakhana case. But if the protests sustain, army chief Asim Munir would be forced to make a tough choice either directly step in and take control or put at risk the army's pre-eminent position in Pakistani society. The generals have played the role of Pakistan's stabiliser for decades, notwithstanding messy outcomes.
However, another military takeover would be tricky today's geopolitical climate. Pakistan's salience in international politics has rapidly declined over the last decade, particularly after the US withdrawal from Afghanistan. True, china is still a benefactor through its CPEC projects. But that closely tracks Beijing's strategic and mercantilist interests. Therefore, without US backing, a Pakistan under generals would likely be shut out from IMF bailouts its dysfunctional economy needs desperately - forex reserves are still paltry, inflation is climbing and there's widespread general hardship.
Thus, General Munir will try his best to sustain the hybrid regime. He may even choose to allow the protests to continue till calls for more robust intervention arise. But popular movements are unpredictable. While we are not there yet, India should watch out for cracks in the Pakistani military establishment. Pakistan in utter chaos is not good news for India.
Pak army doesn't want to take over govt but it doesn't know how post-Imran-arrest protest will pan out
Following Imran Khan's dramatic arrest on Tuesday, Pakistan's 'polycrisis' has not only deepened but also morphed into a systemic question for that country. There can be no doubting that the manner of khan's arrest - it is the paramilitary Rangers that picked him up from the premises of the Islamabad high court was meant to send out a clear message to the former Pakistani PM: that he had crossed a red line by repeatedly pointing fingers at Pakistan's military-security establishment. But Khan has emerged as the most popular Pakistani leader in over a decade. And his refusal to play by the army's hybrid regime playbook has brought Pakistan to an inflection point.
As protests by Khan's PTI supporters spread, the hybrid regime is facing its sternest test. By all accounts the Shehbaz Sharif government wants to delay national polls scheduled for later this year.. It hopes this will take the wind out of Khan's political sails as cases pile up against him-the latest being the indictment in the Toshakhana case. But if the protests sustain, army chief Asim Munir would be forced to make a tough choice either directly step in and take control or put at risk the army's pre-eminent position in Pakistani society. The generals have played the role of Pakistan's stabiliser for decades, notwithstanding messy outcomes.
However, another military takeover would be tricky today's geopolitical climate. Pakistan's salience in international politics has rapidly declined over the last decade, particularly after the US withdrawal from Afghanistan. True, china is still a benefactor through its CPEC projects. But that closely tracks Beijing's strategic and mercantilist interests. Therefore, without US backing, a Pakistan under generals would likely be shut out from IMF bailouts its dysfunctional economy needs desperately - forex reserves are still paltry, inflation is climbing and there's widespread general hardship.
Thus, General Munir will try his best to sustain the hybrid regime. He may even choose to allow the protests to continue till calls for more robust intervention arise. But popular movements are unpredictable. While we are not there yet, India should watch out for cracks in the Pakistani military establishment. Pakistan in utter chaos is not good news for India.
17
PYQ 2023
easy
english ID: cuet-pg-
The three sources of the Indian thought in the nineteenth century may be mentioned here. The first was of course the impact of English thought. Unlike the previous rulers the English did not settle in India. They kept their links with home. Some of the rulers had respect for India's had respect for India's traditions. But most of them followed Macaulay's famous minutes of 1832, and worked for the transformation of Indian society in the image of Western Society. Bentinck, for instance thought that the primary objective of the British rule was the interest in Indians, viz., "improvement in their conditions". He declared, "I write and feel as a legislator for the Hindus, and as I believe many enlightened Hindus thing and feel so." Through the introduction of English system of education, the British not only transmitted the culture and temper of the European Renaissance and the Reformation and the English traditions but, more immediately, the ideas of Bentham, Mill, Carlyle and Coleridge, the amalgam of a defence of private enterprise and collective endeavor, of democracy and rule of law. Benthamism dominated the thought of the new Indian intelligentsia which had come into existence.
But despite all these, the system of education introduced by the British surreptitiously but surely led to a new awareness of the value of liberty, democracy and rule of law in India. It brought into bold relief the fact that the gulf separating the rulers and the ruled was enormous. People began to compare their plight with the affluence in the West. They began to realise what while the British policy alternated between repression and liberalization, it had become a prop for the continuation of despotic rule and feudal fife- styles. It made India, in due course, feel that the British colonisation in India ought to end.
But despite all these, the system of education introduced by the British surreptitiously but surely led to a new awareness of the value of liberty, democracy and rule of law in India. It brought into bold relief the fact that the gulf separating the rulers and the ruled was enormous. People began to compare their plight with the affluence in the West. They began to realise what while the British policy alternated between repression and liberalization, it had become a prop for the continuation of despotic rule and feudal fife- styles. It made India, in due course, feel that the British colonisation in India ought to end.
18
PYQ 2023
easy
english ID: cuet-pg-
Read the passage carefully and answer the question. All over the world the wild fauna has been whittled down steadily and remorselessly, and many lovely and interesting animals have been so reduced in numbers that, without protection and help, they can never re- establish themselves. If they cannot find sanctuary where they can live and breed undisturbed, their numbers will dwindle until they join the dodo, the quagga, and the great auk on the long list of extinct creatures. Of course, in the last decade or so much has been done for the protection of wild life: sanctuaries and reserves have been started, and the reintroduction of species into areas where it had become extinct is taking place. In Canada, for instance, beavers are now being reintroduced into certain areas by means of aero plane. But although much is being done, there is still a very great deal to do. Unfortunately, the majority of useful work in animal preservation has been done mainly for animals which are of some economic importance to man and there are many obscure species of no economic importance which, although they are protected on paper, are in actual fact being allowed to die out because nobody, except a few interested zoologists, considers them important enough to spend money on. As mankind increases year by year, and as he spreads farther over the globe burning and destroying. it is some small comfort to know that there are certain private individuals and some institutions who consider that the work of trying to save and give sanctuary to these harried animals is of some importance. It is important for many reasons, but perhaps the best of them is this: man for all his genius, cannot create a species, nor can he recreate one he has destroyed. So until we consider animal life to be worthy of the consideration and reverence we bestow upon old books and pictures and historic monuments, there will always be the animal refugee living a precarious life on the edge of extermination, dependent for existence on the charity of a few human beings.
19
PYQ 2023
easy
english ID: cuet-pg-
According to the United Nations (UN) population estimates, this year, the population of India surpassed or will surpass that of China. Since 1950, the year the UN began keeping track of population data, China has been the most populous country. In the forthcoming decades, perhaps even centuries, this position will belong to India.
A key question that has resurfaced in this background is whether the large population is the bane of the Indian economy or boon for it.
Two relevant questions
In answering this question, the common practice is to compare India to China. But this is wholly misleading since the policy histories of the two countries are vastly different, China is a much richer country today than India. This means that even if it is at a disadvantage purely in terms of the composition of its population - for example, those 65 years or older make 13% of its population against only 7% of India's - it may be better placed to take care of its elderly.
The right way to pose the question therefore is not a comparison with China but to ask whether on a net basis a younger and larger population is more beneficial than an older and smaller population for the country.
These are two distinct questions with the first relating to the composition and the second to the size of the population. As such, they must be considered separately in succession.
Young demography helps
It should be relatively uncontroversial that the advantages of a young population far outweigh its disadvantages. First, a younger population translates in a proportionately large workforce and therefore higher gross domestic product (GDP) given the technology and volume of capital available.
Second, given that the young save more than the old, a younger population also translates in higher saving and therefore higher investment. The higher investment further adds to the GDP. Finally, a younger population brings greater energy and vibrancy to a nation, leading to more innovation and its greater exploitation.
A concern commonly expressed about a younger population is that it leads to greater unemployment. But the unemployment rate depends on policies, which surely do not depend on the age composition of the population.
Underemployment challenge
Factually, the unemployment rate in India has been consistently low in the 3-5% range. As I have argued in numerous writings, unemployment is not India's problem, it is underemployment. On this score, the output per worker has seen a clear rising trend (meaning declining underemployment) alongside rising workforce in the post-reform era. What is needed is acceleration in this trend. That in turn required further policy reform, not the older population.
Turning to the size question, I would argue that the benefits of a larger population also far outweigh its costs. There are vast benefits arising from economies of scale in the provision of public goods. Takes, for example, India's digital infrastructure. Once this infrastructure is created, it is there for all to use.
A key question that has resurfaced in this background is whether the large population is the bane of the Indian economy or boon for it.
Two relevant questions
In answering this question, the common practice is to compare India to China. But this is wholly misleading since the policy histories of the two countries are vastly different, China is a much richer country today than India. This means that even if it is at a disadvantage purely in terms of the composition of its population - for example, those 65 years or older make 13% of its population against only 7% of India's - it may be better placed to take care of its elderly.
The right way to pose the question therefore is not a comparison with China but to ask whether on a net basis a younger and larger population is more beneficial than an older and smaller population for the country.
These are two distinct questions with the first relating to the composition and the second to the size of the population. As such, they must be considered separately in succession.
Young demography helps
It should be relatively uncontroversial that the advantages of a young population far outweigh its disadvantages. First, a younger population translates in a proportionately large workforce and therefore higher gross domestic product (GDP) given the technology and volume of capital available.
Second, given that the young save more than the old, a younger population also translates in higher saving and therefore higher investment. The higher investment further adds to the GDP. Finally, a younger population brings greater energy and vibrancy to a nation, leading to more innovation and its greater exploitation.
A concern commonly expressed about a younger population is that it leads to greater unemployment. But the unemployment rate depends on policies, which surely do not depend on the age composition of the population.
Underemployment challenge
Factually, the unemployment rate in India has been consistently low in the 3-5% range. As I have argued in numerous writings, unemployment is not India's problem, it is underemployment. On this score, the output per worker has seen a clear rising trend (meaning declining underemployment) alongside rising workforce in the post-reform era. What is needed is acceleration in this trend. That in turn required further policy reform, not the older population.
Turning to the size question, I would argue that the benefits of a larger population also far outweigh its costs. There are vast benefits arising from economies of scale in the provision of public goods. Takes, for example, India's digital infrastructure. Once this infrastructure is created, it is there for all to use.
20
PYQ 2023
easy
english ID: cuet-pg-
Beijing: As China tries to slow its demographic decline, women like Chen Luojin could be part of the solution. The divorced 33-years-old lives in Chengdu, capital of the southwestern Sichuan province, which legalised registration of children by unmarried women in february, something China is considering implementing nationwide to address record low birth rates.
The changes mean unmarried woman can take paid maternity leave and receive child subsidies previously only available to married couples. Crucially Chen could access invitro fertility (IVF) treatment legally in a private clinic. She is now 10 weeks pregnant. "Becoming a single parent is not for everyone but I am happy with the decision," said Chen, who works in logistics."Equally, getting married or not is for each individual to decide. We have liberalised the policies here and I know a lot of single women are doing IVF."
Concerned about China's first population drop in six decades and its rapid ageing, the government's political advisers proposed in March that single and unmarried women should have access to egg freezing and IVF treatment But leaders haven't commented publicly on the recommendations.
Liberalising IVF nationwide could unleash more demand for fertility treatment in what is already the world's biggest market straining limited fertility services. Some investors in the industry see an opportunity to expand.
"If China changes their policy to allow single women to have children this can result in an increase of IVF demand, "said Yve Lyppens, director of business development for Asia Pacific at INVO Bioscience,which is awaiting regulatory approval to launch its IVF technology in China after signing a distribution agreement with Guangzhou-based Onesky Holdings last year.
Shanghai and the southern Guangdong province have also permitted unmarried women to register their children but IVF services for single women remain banned
The changes mean unmarried woman can take paid maternity leave and receive child subsidies previously only available to married couples. Crucially Chen could access invitro fertility (IVF) treatment legally in a private clinic. She is now 10 weeks pregnant. "Becoming a single parent is not for everyone but I am happy with the decision," said Chen, who works in logistics."Equally, getting married or not is for each individual to decide. We have liberalised the policies here and I know a lot of single women are doing IVF."
Concerned about China's first population drop in six decades and its rapid ageing, the government's political advisers proposed in March that single and unmarried women should have access to egg freezing and IVF treatment But leaders haven't commented publicly on the recommendations.
Liberalising IVF nationwide could unleash more demand for fertility treatment in what is already the world's biggest market straining limited fertility services. Some investors in the industry see an opportunity to expand.
"If China changes their policy to allow single women to have children this can result in an increase of IVF demand, "said Yve Lyppens, director of business development for Asia Pacific at INVO Bioscience,which is awaiting regulatory approval to launch its IVF technology in China after signing a distribution agreement with Guangzhou-based Onesky Holdings last year.
Shanghai and the southern Guangdong province have also permitted unmarried women to register their children but IVF services for single women remain banned
21
PYQ 2023
easy
english ID: cuet-pg-
SC's judgment on Delhi govt and LG reaffirms the principles of representative govt and federalism The Supreme court verdict that will hopefully settle the acrimonious dispute between APP's Delhi government and the Lieutenant Governor-the issue was who controls administrative services-is a reaffirmation of federalism and the principle that people's choice of a government must matter. India's Capital has been hosting an unedifying spectacle, and SC's clear verdict should leave all parties in no doubt where their power begins and ends. The political party rivalry between BJP and AAP will sharpen. But that's alright in a democracy. What's not is schoolyard-like fights everyday.
While the issue decided by the constitution bench was whether the Delhi government has legislative and executive powers over the city's bureaucracy, that fight engendered many others. From teachers training to power subsidies, AAP has accused successive LGs of interference, and LGs have returned accusations of 'impropriety' and worse. The bitter public battles resulted in a bureaucracy caught in the middle of warring chiefs and severely affected governance. LG annulling, rejecting, removing appointments made by the Delhi government was one part of the story. There were other theatrics-a strike by administrative officers following an allegation that an AAP MLA had assaulted an officer. At the time, in a first, the CM and three ministers camped at LG's office/residence overnight demanding to direct the striking officers to call off the protest. Delhi has had enough of this.
SC had said GOI taking over executive powers of an elected government would "completely abrogate the federal system of governance and the principle of representative democracy"; and that "the permanent executive, consisting of unelected civil service officers... may act in ways that disregard the will of the electorate." That's a lesson for everyone. When people elect governments, governments must, within well- understood constitutional boundaries, be allowed to govern, including in allocating duties to officers. And if duly elected state governments must always be in lockstep with the Centre then there isn't much to be said about our federalism. The chatter after the SC verdict is that AAP is again the boss of the Delhi government. The more profound point is that the people are the boss.
While the issue decided by the constitution bench was whether the Delhi government has legislative and executive powers over the city's bureaucracy, that fight engendered many others. From teachers training to power subsidies, AAP has accused successive LGs of interference, and LGs have returned accusations of 'impropriety' and worse. The bitter public battles resulted in a bureaucracy caught in the middle of warring chiefs and severely affected governance. LG annulling, rejecting, removing appointments made by the Delhi government was one part of the story. There were other theatrics-a strike by administrative officers following an allegation that an AAP MLA had assaulted an officer. At the time, in a first, the CM and three ministers camped at LG's office/residence overnight demanding to direct the striking officers to call off the protest. Delhi has had enough of this.
SC had said GOI taking over executive powers of an elected government would "completely abrogate the federal system of governance and the principle of representative democracy"; and that "the permanent executive, consisting of unelected civil service officers... may act in ways that disregard the will of the electorate." That's a lesson for everyone. When people elect governments, governments must, within well- understood constitutional boundaries, be allowed to govern, including in allocating duties to officers. And if duly elected state governments must always be in lockstep with the Centre then there isn't much to be said about our federalism. The chatter after the SC verdict is that AAP is again the boss of the Delhi government. The more profound point is that the people are the boss.
22
PYQ 2023
easy
english ID: cuet-pg-
Read the following passage and answer the next five questions by choosing the correct options:
Multicultural emphasises the importance of cultural diversity. It recognises the dignity and importance of cultural distinctiveness. It reiterates that cultural differences are natural phenomena. Cultural diversity, diverse ideas, perspectives and beliefs enhance our vision of a better society. Multiculturalism stands for heterogeneity and diversity. It is an inclusive process in which all cultures are valued.
In India, immigration and multiculturalism are as old as recorded history. Since time immemorial, wave after wave of ethnically and culturally diverse people have poured into India, settled here, and assimilated into its mosaic. Each community, while interacting and being influenced by the others, retained its own identity. customs, beliefs and ways of life. It has truly been said that Indian culture is a 'culture of cultures', like a beehive of interlocking cells.
Hinduism has played a seminal role in shaping the Indian mind and character. It has dogma, no prophet, no single sacred book. It believes in freedom of thought and expression. It encompasses different forms of belief: monotheism, polytheism, agnosticism as well as atheism. Hinduism is also the foundation of a general sprit of tolerance and acceptance of the 'other', the belief that different paths can lead to the same goal. Hinduism's flexibility has endowed Indian civilisation with a unique resilience and power of absorptive survival.
The 700 years of Muslim rule from the 11-12th century bequeathed a mixed legacy. Politically, Islam in India represented subjugation. But culturally, it generated outstanding creative achievement and synthesis. The centuries of Muslim rule impacted all aspects of Indian life producing a composite Indi-Islamic culture.
British colonial rule replaced Muslim rule, adding one more layer to India's plural personality. India's exposure to the West was both debilitating and nourishing. On the one hand, colonial rule devalued Indian civilisation by claiming and justifying 'civilising mission' of British. On the other hand, the work of great European Ideologists helped India rediscover her classical literature, her forgotten wisdom and values.
It is striking how the intellectual journey of the leaders of the Indian renaissance went from India to the the West, before returning to India with a new-found sense of Indianness. All of them represented a mingling of East and West, a synthesis of European and Indian thought.
This was the background to the emergence of an independent, democratic India in 1947, after the bloodbath of Partition. We are the most complex and diverse society on earth. Today's India has over a billion Hindus, 150 million Muslims, 24 million Christians and 24 million Sikhs, apart from several smaller but important denominations. In addition to English and Hindi, we speak more than 20 major languages and some 22,000 dialects. Each religion is further sliced and diced by caste, sub-caste and region. There are also thousands of tribal groups with distinct ethnic and cultural identities. Each of India's states has its own centuries-old flourishing culture, with further internal diversions.
Multicultural emphasises the importance of cultural diversity. It recognises the dignity and importance of cultural distinctiveness. It reiterates that cultural differences are natural phenomena. Cultural diversity, diverse ideas, perspectives and beliefs enhance our vision of a better society. Multiculturalism stands for heterogeneity and diversity. It is an inclusive process in which all cultures are valued.
In India, immigration and multiculturalism are as old as recorded history. Since time immemorial, wave after wave of ethnically and culturally diverse people have poured into India, settled here, and assimilated into its mosaic. Each community, while interacting and being influenced by the others, retained its own identity. customs, beliefs and ways of life. It has truly been said that Indian culture is a 'culture of cultures', like a beehive of interlocking cells.
Hinduism has played a seminal role in shaping the Indian mind and character. It has dogma, no prophet, no single sacred book. It believes in freedom of thought and expression. It encompasses different forms of belief: monotheism, polytheism, agnosticism as well as atheism. Hinduism is also the foundation of a general sprit of tolerance and acceptance of the 'other', the belief that different paths can lead to the same goal. Hinduism's flexibility has endowed Indian civilisation with a unique resilience and power of absorptive survival.
The 700 years of Muslim rule from the 11-12th century bequeathed a mixed legacy. Politically, Islam in India represented subjugation. But culturally, it generated outstanding creative achievement and synthesis. The centuries of Muslim rule impacted all aspects of Indian life producing a composite Indi-Islamic culture.
British colonial rule replaced Muslim rule, adding one more layer to India's plural personality. India's exposure to the West was both debilitating and nourishing. On the one hand, colonial rule devalued Indian civilisation by claiming and justifying 'civilising mission' of British. On the other hand, the work of great European Ideologists helped India rediscover her classical literature, her forgotten wisdom and values.
It is striking how the intellectual journey of the leaders of the Indian renaissance went from India to the the West, before returning to India with a new-found sense of Indianness. All of them represented a mingling of East and West, a synthesis of European and Indian thought.
This was the background to the emergence of an independent, democratic India in 1947, after the bloodbath of Partition. We are the most complex and diverse society on earth. Today's India has over a billion Hindus, 150 million Muslims, 24 million Christians and 24 million Sikhs, apart from several smaller but important denominations. In addition to English and Hindi, we speak more than 20 major languages and some 22,000 dialects. Each religion is further sliced and diced by caste, sub-caste and region. There are also thousands of tribal groups with distinct ethnic and cultural identities. Each of India's states has its own centuries-old flourishing culture, with further internal diversions.
23
PYQ 2023
easy
english ID: cuet-pg-
Russia's prime minister signed a set of agreements with China on Wednesday during a trip to Beijing, describing bilateral ties at an unprecedented high, despite criticism of their relationship in the West as the war in Ukraine drags on.
Prime Minister Mikhail Mishustin, the highest-ranking Russian official to visit Beijing since Moscow sent thousands of troops to Ukraine in February 2022, held talks with Chinese President Xi Jinping and Premier Li Qiang.
With the war in Ukraine in its second year and Russia increasingly feeling the weight of Western sanctions, Moscow is leaning on Beijing for support, far more then China on Russia, feeding on Chinese demand for oil and gas.
The pressure from the West has shown no sign of easing, with the Group of Seven's weekend declarations singling both countries out on a series of issues including Ukraine. The G7 agreed to tighten sanctions against Moscow and urged China to press Russia to withdraw its forces from Ukraine.
Prime Minister Mikhail Mishustin, the highest-ranking Russian official to visit Beijing since Moscow sent thousands of troops to Ukraine in February 2022, held talks with Chinese President Xi Jinping and Premier Li Qiang.
With the war in Ukraine in its second year and Russia increasingly feeling the weight of Western sanctions, Moscow is leaning on Beijing for support, far more then China on Russia, feeding on Chinese demand for oil and gas.
The pressure from the West has shown no sign of easing, with the Group of Seven's weekend declarations singling both countries out on a series of issues including Ukraine. The G7 agreed to tighten sanctions against Moscow and urged China to press Russia to withdraw its forces from Ukraine.
24
PYQ 2023
easy
english ID: cuet-pg-
My cousin Elena is to be married The formalities have been completed: her family history examined for T.B. and madness her father declared solvent her eyes examined for squints her teeth for cavities her stools for the possible non-Brahmin worm. She's not quite tall enough and not quite full enough (children will take care of that) Her complexion it was decided would compensate, being just about the right shade of rightness to do justness to Francisco X. Noronha Prabhu good son of Mother Church.
25
PYQ 2023
easy
english ID: cuet-pg-
On the basis of your reading of the following excerpt, answer the questions that follow:
On the rack in the railway carriage immediately opposite Clovis was a solidly wrought travelling bag with a carefully written label, on which was inscribed, J.P Huddle, The Warren Tifield, near Slowborough." Immediately below the rack sat the human embodiment of the label, a solid, sedate individual, sedately dressed, sedately conversational. Even without his conversation (which was addressed to a friend seated by his side, and touched chiefly on such topic as the backwardness of roman hyacinths and the prevalence of measles at the rectory), one could have gauged fairly accurately the temperament and mental outlook of the travelling bag's owner. But he seemed unwilling to leave anything to the imagination of a casual observer, and his talk grew presently personal and introspective.
I don't know how it is, "he told his friend "I am not much over forty, but I seem to have settled down into a deep groove of elderly middle-age. My sister shows the same tendency. We like everything to be exactly in its accustomed place; we like things to happen exactly at their appointed times; we like everything to be usual, orderly, punctual, methodical, to a hair's breadth, o a minute. It distresses and upset us if it is not so. For instance, to take a very trifling matter, a thrush has built its nest year after year in the catkin-tree on the lawn; this year, for no obvious reason, it is building in the ivy on the garden wall. We have said very little about it, but I think we both feel that the change is unnecessary, and just a little irritating."
"Perhaps" said the friend, "it is a different thrush."
We have suspected that," said J.P. Huddle, "and I think it give us even more cause for annoyance. We don't feel that we want a change of thrush at our time of life; and yet, as I have said, we have scarely reached an age when these things should make themselves seriously felt".
On the rack in the railway carriage immediately opposite Clovis was a solidly wrought travelling bag with a carefully written label, on which was inscribed, J.P Huddle, The Warren Tifield, near Slowborough." Immediately below the rack sat the human embodiment of the label, a solid, sedate individual, sedately dressed, sedately conversational. Even without his conversation (which was addressed to a friend seated by his side, and touched chiefly on such topic as the backwardness of roman hyacinths and the prevalence of measles at the rectory), one could have gauged fairly accurately the temperament and mental outlook of the travelling bag's owner. But he seemed unwilling to leave anything to the imagination of a casual observer, and his talk grew presently personal and introspective.
I don't know how it is, "he told his friend "I am not much over forty, but I seem to have settled down into a deep groove of elderly middle-age. My sister shows the same tendency. We like everything to be exactly in its accustomed place; we like things to happen exactly at their appointed times; we like everything to be usual, orderly, punctual, methodical, to a hair's breadth, o a minute. It distresses and upset us if it is not so. For instance, to take a very trifling matter, a thrush has built its nest year after year in the catkin-tree on the lawn; this year, for no obvious reason, it is building in the ivy on the garden wall. We have said very little about it, but I think we both feel that the change is unnecessary, and just a little irritating."
"Perhaps" said the friend, "it is a different thrush."
We have suspected that," said J.P. Huddle, "and I think it give us even more cause for annoyance. We don't feel that we want a change of thrush at our time of life; and yet, as I have said, we have scarely reached an age when these things should make themselves seriously felt".
26
PYQ 2023
easy
english ID: cuet-pg-
Read the following passage and answers the questions that follow:
OpenAI, a for-profit artificial intelligence lab in san Francisco, invited the public to converse with a new artificially intelligent chatbot, chat GPT, on Nov. 30, 2022. Within days, more than a million people had signed up to converse with the program Minds were blown.
Chat GPT is the first chatbot that's enjoyable enough to speak with and useful enough to ask for information. It can engage in philosophical discussions and help in practical matters false hype, the real thing is here. It's easier to use more intuitive, gives better answer - and it's arguably more fun and what really make it stand out from the pack is its gratifying ability to handle feedback about its answers, and revise them on the fly really is like a conversation with a Robot.
And along with its "fun part"- writing poems, telling jokes debeting politics, writing realistic TED Talk on ludicrous subjects - ChatGPT "will actually take stances, "Kantrowitz writes." When I mentioned Hitler built highways in Germany, it replied they were made with forced labor. This was impressive, nuanced pushback I hadn't previously seen from chatbots.
Where a question doesn't have a clear answer chatGPT often won't be pinned down, "which in itself is a notable development in computing. and unlike other chatbots chatGPT does a pretty good job of weeding out inappropriate" requests including question that are racist, sexist, homophobic transphobic or otherwise discriminatory or questions not to mention illegal.
ChatGPT has limitation. First of all the chatbot has "limited knowledge of world we events after 2021. Also, "ChatGPT sometime writes plausible- sound but incorrect or nonsensical "answer" and it is often excessively verbose and overuses certain phrases.
"We are not capable of understanding the context or meaning of the words we generate", ChatGPT told Time in an interview, because "we don't have access to the vast amount of knowledge that a human has. We can only provide information that we've been trained on, and we may not be able to answer questions that are outside of our training data."
We are just tools we should not be relied on for critical decisions or complex tasks.
OpenAI, a for-profit artificial intelligence lab in san Francisco, invited the public to converse with a new artificially intelligent chatbot, chat GPT, on Nov. 30, 2022. Within days, more than a million people had signed up to converse with the program Minds were blown.
Chat GPT is the first chatbot that's enjoyable enough to speak with and useful enough to ask for information. It can engage in philosophical discussions and help in practical matters false hype, the real thing is here. It's easier to use more intuitive, gives better answer - and it's arguably more fun and what really make it stand out from the pack is its gratifying ability to handle feedback about its answers, and revise them on the fly really is like a conversation with a Robot.
And along with its "fun part"- writing poems, telling jokes debeting politics, writing realistic TED Talk on ludicrous subjects - ChatGPT "will actually take stances, "Kantrowitz writes." When I mentioned Hitler built highways in Germany, it replied they were made with forced labor. This was impressive, nuanced pushback I hadn't previously seen from chatbots.
Where a question doesn't have a clear answer chatGPT often won't be pinned down, "which in itself is a notable development in computing. and unlike other chatbots chatGPT does a pretty good job of weeding out inappropriate" requests including question that are racist, sexist, homophobic transphobic or otherwise discriminatory or questions not to mention illegal.
ChatGPT has limitation. First of all the chatbot has "limited knowledge of world we events after 2021. Also, "ChatGPT sometime writes plausible- sound but incorrect or nonsensical "answer" and it is often excessively verbose and overuses certain phrases.
"We are not capable of understanding the context or meaning of the words we generate", ChatGPT told Time in an interview, because "we don't have access to the vast amount of knowledge that a human has. We can only provide information that we've been trained on, and we may not be able to answer questions that are outside of our training data."
We are just tools we should not be relied on for critical decisions or complex tasks.
27
PYQ 2023
easy
english ID: cuet-pg-
Learning Characteristics
Some of the important characteristics of learning are as given below:
1. Learning is Unitary: It implies that the learner reacts as a whole person to the whole situation in a unified way. It means that the learner responds intellectually, emotionally, physically and spiritually at the same time. This attitude helps in the achievement of educational goals.
Development of skills: A skill is a learned activity that one develops through practice and reflection. It is the ability to perform a learned activity well and at will. Skill, as an ability to perform something, includes proficiency, competence, and expertise in the activity. Skill refers to learning psycho-motor behaviors required in the activities such as driving a car or swinging a tennis racket. The development of skills entails the following stages:
a. Cognitive Stage: Achieved through declarative knowledge.
b. Associative Stage: Combining individual steps into larger units.
c. Automated Stage: Where the whole procedure can be accomplished without much attention. In the last stage, the brain process shifts from reflective to reflexive.
Development of Attitudes: Attitude is mental state held by an individual which affects the way that person responds to events and organizes responses. Attitudes are commonly held to have three essential components or dimensions:
i. A Cognitive Dimension: Beliefs and rationalizations which explains the holding of the attitudes.
ii. An Affective Dimension: Emotional aspects of attitudes, such as likes, dislikes, feeling of distaste, and
iii. A Conative or Behavioral Dimension which involves the extent to which the individual is prepared to act on the attitude that they hold.
2. Learning may be planned or unplanned.
3. Learning can be active as well as passive
4. Learning is usually individual, but it can also be collectively generated in groups.
5. Learning is treated both as a process and as an outcome learning is lifelong process.
6. Learning may be incremental-it may add cumulatively to the prior learning or transformation.
7. Learning can be stimulated or triggered by any experience, failure, success, and anything else.
Some of the important characteristics of learning are as given below:
1. Learning is Unitary: It implies that the learner reacts as a whole person to the whole situation in a unified way. It means that the learner responds intellectually, emotionally, physically and spiritually at the same time. This attitude helps in the achievement of educational goals.
Development of skills: A skill is a learned activity that one develops through practice and reflection. It is the ability to perform a learned activity well and at will. Skill, as an ability to perform something, includes proficiency, competence, and expertise in the activity. Skill refers to learning psycho-motor behaviors required in the activities such as driving a car or swinging a tennis racket. The development of skills entails the following stages:
a. Cognitive Stage: Achieved through declarative knowledge.
b. Associative Stage: Combining individual steps into larger units.
c. Automated Stage: Where the whole procedure can be accomplished without much attention. In the last stage, the brain process shifts from reflective to reflexive.
Development of Attitudes: Attitude is mental state held by an individual which affects the way that person responds to events and organizes responses. Attitudes are commonly held to have three essential components or dimensions:
i. A Cognitive Dimension: Beliefs and rationalizations which explains the holding of the attitudes.
ii. An Affective Dimension: Emotional aspects of attitudes, such as likes, dislikes, feeling of distaste, and
iii. A Conative or Behavioral Dimension which involves the extent to which the individual is prepared to act on the attitude that they hold.
2. Learning may be planned or unplanned.
3. Learning can be active as well as passive
4. Learning is usually individual, but it can also be collectively generated in groups.
5. Learning is treated both as a process and as an outcome learning is lifelong process.
6. Learning may be incremental-it may add cumulatively to the prior learning or transformation.
7. Learning can be stimulated or triggered by any experience, failure, success, and anything else.
28
PYQ 2023
easy
english ID: cuet-pg-
She thinks how she fought a flood during her husband's absence. She stood for hours in the drenching downpour, and dug an overflow gutter to save the dam across the creek. But she could not save it. There are things that a bushwoman cannot do. Next morning the dam was broken, and her heart was nearly broken too, for she thought how her husband would feel when he came home and saw the result of years of labour swept away. She cried then.
She also fought the pleuro-pneumonia - dosed and bled the few remaining cattle, and wept again when her two best cows died.
Again, she fought a mad bullock that besieged the house for a day. She made bullets and fired at him thorugh cracks in the slabs with an old shot-gun. He was dead in the morning. She skinned him and got seventeen-and- sixpence for the hide.
She also fights the crows and eagles that have designs on her chickens. Her plan of campaign is very original. The children cry "Crows, mother!" and she rushes out and aims a broomstick at the birds as though it were a gun, and says "Bung!" The crows leave in a hurry; they are cunning, but a woman's cunning is greater.
Ocassionally a bushman in the horrors, or a villainous looking sundowner, comes and nearly scares the life out of her. She generally tells the suspicious-looking stranger that her husband and two sons are at work below the dam, or over at the yard, for he always cunningly inquires for the boss.
She also fought the pleuro-pneumonia - dosed and bled the few remaining cattle, and wept again when her two best cows died.
Again, she fought a mad bullock that besieged the house for a day. She made bullets and fired at him thorugh cracks in the slabs with an old shot-gun. He was dead in the morning. She skinned him and got seventeen-and- sixpence for the hide.
She also fights the crows and eagles that have designs on her chickens. Her plan of campaign is very original. The children cry "Crows, mother!" and she rushes out and aims a broomstick at the birds as though it were a gun, and says "Bung!" The crows leave in a hurry; they are cunning, but a woman's cunning is greater.
Ocassionally a bushman in the horrors, or a villainous looking sundowner, comes and nearly scares the life out of her. She generally tells the suspicious-looking stranger that her husband and two sons are at work below the dam, or over at the yard, for he always cunningly inquires for the boss.
29
PYQ 2023
easy
english ID: cuet-pg-
Vidyasagar's contribution to the making of modern India is many sided. He evolved a new methodology of teaching Sanskrit. He wrote a Bengali primer which is used till this day. His writings helped in the evolution of a modern prose style in Bengali. He opened the gates of the Sanskrit college to non-brahmin students for he was opposed to the monopoly of Sanskrit studies that the priestly caste was enjoying at the time. He was determined to break the priestly monopoly of scriptural knowledge. To free Sanskrit studies from the harmful effects of self-imposed isolation, he introduced the study of Western thought in the Sanskrit College. He also helped found a college which is now named after him.
Above all Vidyasagar is remembered gratefully by his countrymen for his contribution to the uplift of India's downtrodden womanhood. Here he proved a worthy successor to Rammohun Roy. He waged a long struggle in favour of widow remarriage. His humanism was aroused to the full by the sufferings of the Hindu widows. To improve their lot he gave his all and virtually ruined himself. In 1855, he raised his powerful voice, backed by the weight of immense traditional learning, in favourof window remarriage. Soon a powerful movement in favour of widow remarriage was started which continues till this day. Later in 1855, a large number of petitions from Bengal, Madras, Bombay, Nagpur and other cities of India were presented to the government asking it to pass an act legalising the remarriage of widows. This agitation was successful and such a law was enacted.
The first lawful Hindu widow remarriage among the upper castes in our country was celebrated in Calcutta on 7 December 1856 under the inspiration and supervision of Vidyasagar. Widows of many other castes in different parts of the country already enjoyed this right under customary law.
Above all Vidyasagar is remembered gratefully by his countrymen for his contribution to the uplift of India's downtrodden womanhood. Here he proved a worthy successor to Rammohun Roy. He waged a long struggle in favour of widow remarriage. His humanism was aroused to the full by the sufferings of the Hindu widows. To improve their lot he gave his all and virtually ruined himself. In 1855, he raised his powerful voice, backed by the weight of immense traditional learning, in favourof window remarriage. Soon a powerful movement in favour of widow remarriage was started which continues till this day. Later in 1855, a large number of petitions from Bengal, Madras, Bombay, Nagpur and other cities of India were presented to the government asking it to pass an act legalising the remarriage of widows. This agitation was successful and such a law was enacted.
The first lawful Hindu widow remarriage among the upper castes in our country was celebrated in Calcutta on 7 December 1856 under the inspiration and supervision of Vidyasagar. Widows of many other castes in different parts of the country already enjoyed this right under customary law.
30
PYQ 2023
easy
english ID: cuet-pg-
Read the passage carefully and answer the question that follows.
Lizard island is only 30km off the far North Queensland coast and 250km north of Cairns, the northern-most city in north-eastern Australia. The 1,012-hectare island is spectacularly rugged with vegetation ranging from grassland to rainforest and encompassing pandanus swamp, eucalypt woodland and mangroves. The most recent discoverers of this island were Sir Sydney Williams and another north Queensland businessmen, Mr. John Wilson, now a Brisbane share-broker. For several years from 1968, they camped on lizard island for annual fishing holidays and in 1974, after obtaining a Queensland government lease with other businessmen, built four cabins for guests. In the next step of development in 1978, they raised the number of bungalows to eight, then to fifteen in 1982, and in 1984, ultimately the complex was bought by the Queensland State Government Insurance office.
The island is consistently visited by those who seem to be quite carefull about their health. Each has all the facilities expected in such an elegant resort including well-stocked minibar. It is because of this that Australian Prime Ministers for a decade or so have taken heed, as they constantly retreat to this island to rest, relax and lick the wounds of office. Since this island attracts people from all over the world, most of the time it remains packed. One of the island resort's founders, Queensland aviation pioneer, Sir Sydney Williams, affirms that a sturdy Arab Sheikh once came ashore from a chartered luxury yacht and tried to book a suite for the night. When told the place was full he hastily produced a cheque book and offered to buy it.
Lizard island is only 30km off the far North Queensland coast and 250km north of Cairns, the northern-most city in north-eastern Australia. The 1,012-hectare island is spectacularly rugged with vegetation ranging from grassland to rainforest and encompassing pandanus swamp, eucalypt woodland and mangroves. The most recent discoverers of this island were Sir Sydney Williams and another north Queensland businessmen, Mr. John Wilson, now a Brisbane share-broker. For several years from 1968, they camped on lizard island for annual fishing holidays and in 1974, after obtaining a Queensland government lease with other businessmen, built four cabins for guests. In the next step of development in 1978, they raised the number of bungalows to eight, then to fifteen in 1982, and in 1984, ultimately the complex was bought by the Queensland State Government Insurance office.
The island is consistently visited by those who seem to be quite carefull about their health. Each has all the facilities expected in such an elegant resort including well-stocked minibar. It is because of this that Australian Prime Ministers for a decade or so have taken heed, as they constantly retreat to this island to rest, relax and lick the wounds of office. Since this island attracts people from all over the world, most of the time it remains packed. One of the island resort's founders, Queensland aviation pioneer, Sir Sydney Williams, affirms that a sturdy Arab Sheikh once came ashore from a chartered luxury yacht and tried to book a suite for the night. When told the place was full he hastily produced a cheque book and offered to buy it.
31
PYQ 2023
easy
english ID: cuet-pg-
Why aircraft lessors' woes may lead to costlier flights New Delhi: Record high airfares hurting passengers could rise even further following yet another instance of foreign lessors facing roadblocks in repossessing their aircraft from a troubled Indian carrier. Leasing aircraft could cost 20-25% more for startups and financially weak Indian carriers after the Go First case where lessors are now barred from taking their planes back for at least six months unless the NCLAT gives them some relief people in the know said. Only Indigo and Tata group carriers led by air India could be spared this increased cost as they are good credit for lessors lease rentals account for 10-12% of an airline's operating cost. A 20-25% increase in lease rentals will mean overall cost rising by 2-3% which will have to reflect in ticket prices. Except AI and Indigo it will be very challenging for other airlines, including startups. NCLT has directed go first erstwhile board to deposit Rs.5 crore with the resolution professional while the 55 aircraft currently with the airline are worth over $2.5 billion," said an industry veteran. Now at the first sign of trouble in an Indian carrier lessors will line up to responses planes to avoid such a scenario where an airline uses the IBC route to escape de-registration of aircraft said another official. In the past also, lessors faced trouble in getting planes back from airlines such as jet and kingfisher that went bust, with aircraft stuck with the later being sold as scrap after rotting away at Indian airports. Meanwhile Go's new management will have to satisfy DGCA that it has the resources to safely operate flights in term of money manpower and machines.
US engine co PW hits back at Go First, blames 'financial mismanagement'. Go First may have blamed Pratt & Whitney (PW) for its troubles but the US aerospace major has hit back at the airline. "Go First is seeking to jump the line for engines over other customers worldwide. Airline customers, who have been in good financial standing and compliant with contracts, should not be made to suffer due to the financial mismanagement and contractual violations of one particular airline," said sources. Over 50 airbus A320neos of Go and Indigo are grounded due to PW engines. Asked about these planes, a PW spokesperson said "Expect supply chain to stabilize throughout 2023...."
US engine co PW hits back at Go First, blames 'financial mismanagement'. Go First may have blamed Pratt & Whitney (PW) for its troubles but the US aerospace major has hit back at the airline. "Go First is seeking to jump the line for engines over other customers worldwide. Airline customers, who have been in good financial standing and compliant with contracts, should not be made to suffer due to the financial mismanagement and contractual violations of one particular airline," said sources. Over 50 airbus A320neos of Go and Indigo are grounded due to PW engines. Asked about these planes, a PW spokesperson said "Expect supply chain to stabilize throughout 2023...."
32
PYQ 2023
easy
english ID: cuet-pg-
Read the passage and answer the next five question by choosing the correct option:
Dealing with teenage offspring can be exasperating, because they come up with the darndest questions: "Why should I be good when being bad appears to be more beneficial"?
One must then attempt to untangle deep issues of history, philosophy and evolutionary biology, in order to answer that question convincingly and correctly. In today's world of power-crazy the billionaires and an over-supply of despots, can one even fault the youngster for asking?
Thankfully, science has shown, over and over, that in the long run, it is more beneficial for the individual to be good. One such batch of studies comes to us from Daher Keltner, a professor of psychology at university of California, Berkeley, and founder-director of the Greater Good Science Center, founded in 2001. For decades, he and his team of researcher's have been studying are origins and evolution of good in human beings. In one such project, they studied the brains of people who engaged in acts of altruism, and discovered that such acts activate the same circuits that respond to receiving a gift. Evidence collected over years also has it that people who engage in acts of altruism live longer.
Keltner distils some of these findings in his book, Born to be Good (2009), which I am hoping my young ones can take time away from their Reels in order to read.
The whys are not all clear yet. But other contemporary studies support the Center's findings. Humans do good because it makes them feel good.
Where does the desire to do good come from? It is an evolved trait. Altruism is the willingness to do something that confers an advantage on others, even if the outcome may result in a disadvantage for oneself.
There is a school of thought that argues that all altruism is really self-interest in disguise. The writer and philosopher Ayn Rand believed that any behaviour that benefits others is ultimately motivated by a desire for personal gain, whether material, emotional or psychological. The evolutionary biologistiour was ultimately motivated by the desire to pass on one's genes. Since this meant that humans had to (and have to) sometimes simulate altruism, that is what we learnt to do.
These arguments fail to explain genuine altruism. Why do whistle-blowers expose corruption at great personal cost? Or protesters fight for a cause when it can, and often does. cost them years or more behind bars?
Perhaps one of the most compelling arguments against Rand and Dawkins emerges from the pages of Matt Ridley's the Origins of Virtue (1996). While Ridley concedes that self- interest is a strong motivator, he belives that individuals figured out early on that it felt better to cooperate, and yielded better results for the group. And so it is that we evolved to be kind, empathetic, even selfless.
How do we know that this was an 3evolution? Because many anthropologists date civilization not to the first settlements or agriculture or art, but to the first healed femur. At some point, prehistoric humans decided they would no longer leave the seriously wounded behind. They would find the time and resources to care for them, even though there was no material benefit involved. In Ridley calls this "reciprocal altruism".
In this form of cooperation, individuals help each other with the expectation that the favour will be returned, if needed. From that idea, we can trace the evolution of ideas of community, and wider social progress. It is the foundation on which cultures and even economic frameworks continue to be built.
For the young ones who believe "good" is the old way and doing what suits on best is the need of today. I would argue that is not adapting, it's succumbing to a series of short-term goals guaranteed to provide dwindling levels of satisfaction. It has always been tempting, and often more immediately beneficial, to be selfish. We would have been a short-lived species if we'd all sought only to please ourselves.
Dealing with teenage offspring can be exasperating, because they come up with the darndest questions: "Why should I be good when being bad appears to be more beneficial"?
One must then attempt to untangle deep issues of history, philosophy and evolutionary biology, in order to answer that question convincingly and correctly. In today's world of power-crazy the billionaires and an over-supply of despots, can one even fault the youngster for asking?
Thankfully, science has shown, over and over, that in the long run, it is more beneficial for the individual to be good. One such batch of studies comes to us from Daher Keltner, a professor of psychology at university of California, Berkeley, and founder-director of the Greater Good Science Center, founded in 2001. For decades, he and his team of researcher's have been studying are origins and evolution of good in human beings. In one such project, they studied the brains of people who engaged in acts of altruism, and discovered that such acts activate the same circuits that respond to receiving a gift. Evidence collected over years also has it that people who engage in acts of altruism live longer.
Keltner distils some of these findings in his book, Born to be Good (2009), which I am hoping my young ones can take time away from their Reels in order to read.
The whys are not all clear yet. But other contemporary studies support the Center's findings. Humans do good because it makes them feel good.
Where does the desire to do good come from? It is an evolved trait. Altruism is the willingness to do something that confers an advantage on others, even if the outcome may result in a disadvantage for oneself.
There is a school of thought that argues that all altruism is really self-interest in disguise. The writer and philosopher Ayn Rand believed that any behaviour that benefits others is ultimately motivated by a desire for personal gain, whether material, emotional or psychological. The evolutionary biologistiour was ultimately motivated by the desire to pass on one's genes. Since this meant that humans had to (and have to) sometimes simulate altruism, that is what we learnt to do.
These arguments fail to explain genuine altruism. Why do whistle-blowers expose corruption at great personal cost? Or protesters fight for a cause when it can, and often does. cost them years or more behind bars?
Perhaps one of the most compelling arguments against Rand and Dawkins emerges from the pages of Matt Ridley's the Origins of Virtue (1996). While Ridley concedes that self- interest is a strong motivator, he belives that individuals figured out early on that it felt better to cooperate, and yielded better results for the group. And so it is that we evolved to be kind, empathetic, even selfless.
How do we know that this was an 3evolution? Because many anthropologists date civilization not to the first settlements or agriculture or art, but to the first healed femur. At some point, prehistoric humans decided they would no longer leave the seriously wounded behind. They would find the time and resources to care for them, even though there was no material benefit involved. In Ridley calls this "reciprocal altruism".
In this form of cooperation, individuals help each other with the expectation that the favour will be returned, if needed. From that idea, we can trace the evolution of ideas of community, and wider social progress. It is the foundation on which cultures and even economic frameworks continue to be built.
For the young ones who believe "good" is the old way and doing what suits on best is the need of today. I would argue that is not adapting, it's succumbing to a series of short-term goals guaranteed to provide dwindling levels of satisfaction. It has always been tempting, and often more immediately beneficial, to be selfish. We would have been a short-lived species if we'd all sought only to please ourselves.
33
PYQ 2023
easy
english ID: cuet-pg-
Based on the Passage given below answer the questions.
The distribution of opportunities for learning available in a society is an important factor that influences both how 'worth' of a certain kind of knowledge is perceived or weighed and how knowledge that is regarded as worthy of being taught will be represented in educational materials. We can take for granted that the knowledge relevant or related to groups whose access to education is poor will not be regarded as worthy of being taught in schools. The knowledge of animal behaviour and medicinal plants that the Baigas have acquired over a length acquaintance with the jungles of central India is unlikely to be regarded as worthwhile educational knowledge. Baiga children have poor access to opportunities for education and their chances of doing well at school are very slim at least partly because the Baiga's life finds no resonance in the school curriculum.
How the method of teaching affects the character of what is taught can be seen in the teaching of science. The distinctness of science as a school subject comes from the need for experimentation by the learner. As a subject that demand experimentation and independent inquiry by the learner, science is associated with freedom of judgement and equality between the student and the teacher in the presence of objective facts. Science education is supposed to be conducive to secular values precisely because it makes ascribed authority redundant. But if science is taught in a traditional manner with the authority of the textbook and the teacher's word and without opportunity for experimentation it would cease to have a secular character and value. Once it loses its original character owing to the application of conventional pedagogies, science can easily become an instrument for authoritarian control in the classroom and in society. The practice of science in a milieu that does not permit equality or open questioning might lead pupils into imbibing values that are antithetical to science. Also science can reinforce existing structure of dominance if its content and the method of teaching are not reorganised from the perspective of powerless social groups.
Not just the character of what is taught but the volume of content, too, is affected by the methods of teaching.
The distribution of opportunities for learning available in a society is an important factor that influences both how 'worth' of a certain kind of knowledge is perceived or weighed and how knowledge that is regarded as worthy of being taught will be represented in educational materials. We can take for granted that the knowledge relevant or related to groups whose access to education is poor will not be regarded as worthy of being taught in schools. The knowledge of animal behaviour and medicinal plants that the Baigas have acquired over a length acquaintance with the jungles of central India is unlikely to be regarded as worthwhile educational knowledge. Baiga children have poor access to opportunities for education and their chances of doing well at school are very slim at least partly because the Baiga's life finds no resonance in the school curriculum.
How the method of teaching affects the character of what is taught can be seen in the teaching of science. The distinctness of science as a school subject comes from the need for experimentation by the learner. As a subject that demand experimentation and independent inquiry by the learner, science is associated with freedom of judgement and equality between the student and the teacher in the presence of objective facts. Science education is supposed to be conducive to secular values precisely because it makes ascribed authority redundant. But if science is taught in a traditional manner with the authority of the textbook and the teacher's word and without opportunity for experimentation it would cease to have a secular character and value. Once it loses its original character owing to the application of conventional pedagogies, science can easily become an instrument for authoritarian control in the classroom and in society. The practice of science in a milieu that does not permit equality or open questioning might lead pupils into imbibing values that are antithetical to science. Also science can reinforce existing structure of dominance if its content and the method of teaching are not reorganised from the perspective of powerless social groups.
Not just the character of what is taught but the volume of content, too, is affected by the methods of teaching.
34
PYQ 2023
easy
english ID: cuet-pg-
Based on the Passage given answer the questions.
It is a great pity that our primary schools do not have a separate period for storytelling for the first two grades each day. Such a provision would have solved at least a part of the problem we face in retaining children at school. Many will say that I am giving undue importance to this problem. Storytelling has a magical effect on children. I should like to imagine the day when anyone who wants to teach young children will be required to master at least thirty traditional stories. By 'Master' I mean: to know the stories by heart, so one can tell them in a relaxed, confident manner. That is hardly a tall order for a society that has inherited thousands of stories from its past. Thirty stories that the teacher can tell at will can transform the ethos of the first two years of primary schooling. The daily curriculum must find an honourable place for story telling for its own sake.
Stories that have come down to us from traditional have a special set of characteristics that contemporary stories presented in different forms and in the media do not necessarily posess. The Panchatantra, the Jatakas, the Mahabharata, the Arabian Nights, stories of Vikramaditya, and folktales from different regions come to mind as ready and rich sources. Similarly Kathasaritsagar, the Gulistan and the Boston, the Birbal stories. Similarly folktales and fairytales from round the world. Anyone who wants to introduced storytelling as a regular feature of the curriculum must ensure access to a selection of stories from these resources. Storytelling deserves to be seen as a civilisational practice which permits us to protect the diversity of cultural experiences and stances from the homogenising effects of modern education and media. Storytelling also needs to be celebrated as an oral heritage, in the obvious sense that its aesthetic merits and appeal evolved by means of oral communication and memory, as well as with reference to the oral competence that storytelling as an everyday practice calls for.
It is a great pity that our primary schools do not have a separate period for storytelling for the first two grades each day. Such a provision would have solved at least a part of the problem we face in retaining children at school. Many will say that I am giving undue importance to this problem. Storytelling has a magical effect on children. I should like to imagine the day when anyone who wants to teach young children will be required to master at least thirty traditional stories. By 'Master' I mean: to know the stories by heart, so one can tell them in a relaxed, confident manner. That is hardly a tall order for a society that has inherited thousands of stories from its past. Thirty stories that the teacher can tell at will can transform the ethos of the first two years of primary schooling. The daily curriculum must find an honourable place for story telling for its own sake.
Stories that have come down to us from traditional have a special set of characteristics that contemporary stories presented in different forms and in the media do not necessarily posess. The Panchatantra, the Jatakas, the Mahabharata, the Arabian Nights, stories of Vikramaditya, and folktales from different regions come to mind as ready and rich sources. Similarly Kathasaritsagar, the Gulistan and the Boston, the Birbal stories. Similarly folktales and fairytales from round the world. Anyone who wants to introduced storytelling as a regular feature of the curriculum must ensure access to a selection of stories from these resources. Storytelling deserves to be seen as a civilisational practice which permits us to protect the diversity of cultural experiences and stances from the homogenising effects of modern education and media. Storytelling also needs to be celebrated as an oral heritage, in the obvious sense that its aesthetic merits and appeal evolved by means of oral communication and memory, as well as with reference to the oral competence that storytelling as an everyday practice calls for.
35
PYQ 2023
easy
english ID: cuet-pg-
HISTORY OF TUSSLE: After see-saw battle in various courts, final word from SC
New Delhi: It was a carefully worded notification issued by the Union ministry of home affairs (MHA) in May 2015 that led to Thursday's ruling of the Supreme Court on who holds the reins of power in Delhi.
Faced with an ongoing tussle between the lieutenant governor and the newly elected Delhi Chief minister over the appointment of bureaucrats in 2015, the Central government responded with the notification making the LG effectively the person in charge of the capital and handed him full control of 'service', or the administrative prerogative to post or transfer civil servants in Delhi.
Three key subjects-public order, police and land-were under the jurisdiction of the central government, while sectors such as health, education, agriculture, forest and transport fell under Delhi's elected government. Robbed of the authority it had shared with the LG since 1991, when an elected legislature was put in place for the capital, the AAP government approached Delhi High Court.
After several hearings, in 2016 the high court came out with the first comprehensive ruling on the vexed constitutional status, but decided against the AAP government, concluding that LG was the de-facto boss of Delhi who wasn't bound by the aid and advice of the state cabinet.
The court upheld the MHA notification ad quashed those issued by the state government, ruling them illegal because they were issued without the LG's concurrence even when several of these were not related to police, public order or land, the explicit no-go areas. The court also upheld the barring of Delhi government employees, while setting aside the AAP government's commission of inquiry into CNG fitness and Delhi and District Cricket Association, again because of the absence of the LG's concurrence.
The high court also held as illegal the appointment of the elected government's nominee directors on the boards of BSES Rajdhani Power Ltd, BSES Yamuna power Ltd and Tata Power Delhi Distribution Ltd by Delhi power company Ltd on the recommendations of the chief minister without communicating the decision of the LG for his Views. The only consolation for the elected government was the court saying the LG could appoint special public prosecutors only on the aid and advice of the council of ministers.
The battle moved to the Supreme court where a constitution bench took up the clutch of petitions and delivered a landmark ruling in 2018 reversing the high court's decision. The apex court was categorical that beyond the excluded categories of land, public order and police, the LG did not have independent decision-making powers and was bound to act on the aid and advice of the ministers. The bench made it clear that though the decisions of the communicated to the LG, this did not mean his concurrence was required in every case.
The Supreme court bench also clarified that issues of the various notifications published by Delhi government in exercise of its administrative and legislative powers would be dealt with separately by an appropriate smaller bench. While a huge boost for the AAP government, the constitution bench verdict still left the contentious issue of control of 'services' open, ending with a two-judge bench delivering a split verdict in February 2019.
After the Centre sought a re-interpretation of Article 239AA of the constitution by a constitution bench on who controlled 'services, the Supreme Court's ruling on Thursday divested the LG of the power crystallised first by the 2015 MHA notification.
New Delhi: It was a carefully worded notification issued by the Union ministry of home affairs (MHA) in May 2015 that led to Thursday's ruling of the Supreme Court on who holds the reins of power in Delhi.
Faced with an ongoing tussle between the lieutenant governor and the newly elected Delhi Chief minister over the appointment of bureaucrats in 2015, the Central government responded with the notification making the LG effectively the person in charge of the capital and handed him full control of 'service', or the administrative prerogative to post or transfer civil servants in Delhi.
Three key subjects-public order, police and land-were under the jurisdiction of the central government, while sectors such as health, education, agriculture, forest and transport fell under Delhi's elected government. Robbed of the authority it had shared with the LG since 1991, when an elected legislature was put in place for the capital, the AAP government approached Delhi High Court.
After several hearings, in 2016 the high court came out with the first comprehensive ruling on the vexed constitutional status, but decided against the AAP government, concluding that LG was the de-facto boss of Delhi who wasn't bound by the aid and advice of the state cabinet.
The court upheld the MHA notification ad quashed those issued by the state government, ruling them illegal because they were issued without the LG's concurrence even when several of these were not related to police, public order or land, the explicit no-go areas. The court also upheld the barring of Delhi government employees, while setting aside the AAP government's commission of inquiry into CNG fitness and Delhi and District Cricket Association, again because of the absence of the LG's concurrence.
The high court also held as illegal the appointment of the elected government's nominee directors on the boards of BSES Rajdhani Power Ltd, BSES Yamuna power Ltd and Tata Power Delhi Distribution Ltd by Delhi power company Ltd on the recommendations of the chief minister without communicating the decision of the LG for his Views. The only consolation for the elected government was the court saying the LG could appoint special public prosecutors only on the aid and advice of the council of ministers.
The battle moved to the Supreme court where a constitution bench took up the clutch of petitions and delivered a landmark ruling in 2018 reversing the high court's decision. The apex court was categorical that beyond the excluded categories of land, public order and police, the LG did not have independent decision-making powers and was bound to act on the aid and advice of the ministers. The bench made it clear that though the decisions of the communicated to the LG, this did not mean his concurrence was required in every case.
The Supreme court bench also clarified that issues of the various notifications published by Delhi government in exercise of its administrative and legislative powers would be dealt with separately by an appropriate smaller bench. While a huge boost for the AAP government, the constitution bench verdict still left the contentious issue of control of 'services' open, ending with a two-judge bench delivering a split verdict in February 2019.
After the Centre sought a re-interpretation of Article 239AA of the constitution by a constitution bench on who controlled 'services, the Supreme Court's ruling on Thursday divested the LG of the power crystallised first by the 2015 MHA notification.
36
PYQ 2023
easy
english ID: cuet-pg-
Read the passage and answer the following Questions :
Wings of Fire is an autobiography of Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam and covers his early life and work in Indian space research and missile programmes. It is a simple tale of a boy from a humble background who went on to occupy the highest seat, that of the president of the country.
Dr. Kalam has been a key player in Indian space research/ Indian missile programmes. The book gained immense popularity in India and has been translated into multiple languages. It is an engaging reading to say the least. However, it tends to drag towards the end. The technical details given therein are lost on the common readers since they are specific to space research and missile projects.
In my opinion, the initial chapters of Wings of Fire are lovable as they describe the quest of this young boy on the road to realizing his dreams. Another important factor is Dr. Kalam's positive thinking and outlook that resonates throughout the book. Despite holding many high ranking positions in various organizations, Dr. Kalam's humility shines throughout like a beacon. The secret to his success is indeed his ability to ignore negative things around him.
Wings of Fire is an autobiography of Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam and covers his early life and work in Indian space research and missile programmes. It is a simple tale of a boy from a humble background who went on to occupy the highest seat, that of the president of the country.
Dr. Kalam has been a key player in Indian space research/ Indian missile programmes. The book gained immense popularity in India and has been translated into multiple languages. It is an engaging reading to say the least. However, it tends to drag towards the end. The technical details given therein are lost on the common readers since they are specific to space research and missile projects.
In my opinion, the initial chapters of Wings of Fire are lovable as they describe the quest of this young boy on the road to realizing his dreams. Another important factor is Dr. Kalam's positive thinking and outlook that resonates throughout the book. Despite holding many high ranking positions in various organizations, Dr. Kalam's humility shines throughout like a beacon. The secret to his success is indeed his ability to ignore negative things around him.
37
PYQ 2023
easy
english ID: cuet-pg-
Mobile phones in India are ubiquitous - over a billion subscribers. They serve as touch points for multiple needs. Consequently attempts to get people to part with their phone number, often through dubious means, are common. One such example is to get customers to share their phone number to bill retail purchases. It's often done by linking it to the billing system even when it serves no purpose in concluding a transaction. Times of India reported that this method of violating personal data privacy may soon end as the consumer affairs ministry is expected to issue an advisory to stop it. It's a much-needed move. But it doesn't solve the core problem. Invasion of data privacy is not limited to consumer transactions. It's far wider in scope. The only way to check it is to legislate a comprehensive personal data protection law. Absent that, any solution is at best a piecemeal effort. India has lagged in this aspect. As a result, the explosion of digital activity has been accompanied by a surge in extracting personal data without consent. Government of India began the ongoing process of enacting a personal data protection law in 2019. It's gone through many iterations. The bill needs to be introduced in the next parliament session. India's data protection framework should strongly emphasise two principles, data minimization and purpose limitation. The former is the first line of defence against abuse as data collection needs to be limited to just what's relevant to conclude a transaction. The principle of purpose limitation then seeks to ensure that data collected is used for only the stated purpose. While the intent of the consumer affairs ministry is positive, it alone can't ensure Indian's data privacy.
38
PYQ 2023
easy
english ID: cuet-pg-
Read the passage very carefully and answer the questions.
Good Med Abroad Is Good Med fir Home The directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) has made it mandatory for all cough syrup exporters to have their product tested and certified for quality at specified government laboratories before shipping out export orders. This is welcome. It will begin to repair the reputational damage over alleged Indian cough syrup- related deaths in some countries last year. Safeguarding quality cannot be limited to some products or to exports.
Ensuring quality is the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization's (CDSCO) responsibility, not DGFT's Setting norms for exports is like applying a band-aid to a wound that requires stitches. CDSCO needs an overhaul. In the current fragmented system, quality and standardization are casualties. A modern, Independent, statutory regulatory system that has the capacity to provide oversight to an increasingly complex pharmaceutical industry while protecting public health and patient rights is required. CDSCO is the non- statutory regulator under the health ministry. It has no jurisdiction over State Drug Regulatory Authorities (SDRAS) that are part of state health departments. Each regulatory body acts independent of the other. This must change. The regulatory approach, too, needs to change. Shifting from an overwhelming focus on manufacturing to public health requires putting a doctor in charge, and shifting the regulator with multidisciplinary teams.
India is the third-largest pharma manufacturer, meeting 20% of global generic demand. The 50-65 billion by 2025, and $120-130 billion by 2030. Ensuring all Indian pharma products meets quality standards will help with public health both at home and abroad, while growing India's pharma footprint.
Good Med Abroad Is Good Med fir Home The directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) has made it mandatory for all cough syrup exporters to have their product tested and certified for quality at specified government laboratories before shipping out export orders. This is welcome. It will begin to repair the reputational damage over alleged Indian cough syrup- related deaths in some countries last year. Safeguarding quality cannot be limited to some products or to exports.
Ensuring quality is the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization's (CDSCO) responsibility, not DGFT's Setting norms for exports is like applying a band-aid to a wound that requires stitches. CDSCO needs an overhaul. In the current fragmented system, quality and standardization are casualties. A modern, Independent, statutory regulatory system that has the capacity to provide oversight to an increasingly complex pharmaceutical industry while protecting public health and patient rights is required. CDSCO is the non- statutory regulator under the health ministry. It has no jurisdiction over State Drug Regulatory Authorities (SDRAS) that are part of state health departments. Each regulatory body acts independent of the other. This must change. The regulatory approach, too, needs to change. Shifting from an overwhelming focus on manufacturing to public health requires putting a doctor in charge, and shifting the regulator with multidisciplinary teams.
India is the third-largest pharma manufacturer, meeting 20% of global generic demand. The 50-65 billion by 2025, and $120-130 billion by 2030. Ensuring all Indian pharma products meets quality standards will help with public health both at home and abroad, while growing India's pharma footprint.
39
PYQ 2023
easy
english ID: cuet-pg-
Read the passage carefully and answer the question. All over the world the wild fauna has been whittled down steadily and remorselessly, and many lovely and interesting animals have been so reduced in numbers that, without protection and help, they can never re- establish themselves. If they cannot find sanctuary where they can live and breed undisturbed, their numbers will dwindle until they join the dodo, the quagga, and the great auk on the long list of extinct creatures. Of course, in the last decade or so much has been done for the protection of wild life: sanctuaries and reserves have been started, and the reintroduction of species into areas where it had become extinct is taking place. In Canada, for instance, beavers are now being reintroduced into certain areas by means of aero plane. But although much is being done, there is still a very great deal to do. Unfortunately, the majority of useful work in animal preservation has been done mainly for animals which are of some economic importance to man and there are many obscure species of no economic importance which, although they are protected on paper, are in actual fact being allowed to die out because nobody, except a few interested zoologists, considers them important enough to spend money on. As mankind increases year by year, and as he spreads farther over the globe burning and destroying. it is some small comfort to know that there are certain private individuals and some institutions who consider that the work of trying to save and give sanctuary to these harried animals is of some importance. It is important for many reasons, but perhaps the best of them is this: man for all his genius, cannot create a species, nor can he recreate one he has destroyed. So until we consider animal life to be worthy of the consideration and reverence we bestow upon old books and pictures and historic monuments, there will always be the animal refugee living a precarious life on the edge of extermination, dependent for existence on the charity of a few human beings.
40
PYQ 2023
easy
english ID: cuet-pg-
LAPLOSHKA was one of the meanest men I have ever met, and quite one of the most entertaining. He said horrid things about other people in such a charming way that one forgave him for the equally horrid things he said about oneself behind one's back. hating anything in the way of ill-natured gossip ourselves, we are always grateful to those who do it for us and do it well. And Laploshka did it really well.
Naturally Laploshka had a large circle of acquaintances, and as he exercised some care in their selection it followed that an appreciable proportion were men whose bank balances enabled them to acquiesce indulgently in his rather one-sided views on hospitality. Thus, although possessed of only moderate means. he was able to live comfortably within his income, and still more comfortably within those of various tolerantly disposed associates.
But towards the poor or to those of the same limited resources as himself his attitude was one of watchful anxiety: he seemed to be haunted by a besetting fear lest some fraction of a shilling or franc, or whatever the prevailing coinage might be, should be diverted from his pocket or service into that of a hard-up companion.
A two-franc cigar would be cheerfully offered to a wealthy patron on the principle of doing evil that good may come but I have known him indulge in agonies of perjury rather than admit the incriminating possession of a copper coin when change was needed to tip a waiter. The coin would have been duly returned at the earliest opportunity- he would have taken means to ensure against forgetfulness on the part of the borrower - but accidents might happen, and even the temporary estrangement from his penny or sou was a calamity to be avoided.
The knowledge of this amiable weakness offered a perpetual temptation to play upon Laploshka's fears of involuntary generosity. To offer him a lift in a cab and pretend not to have enough money to pay the fare, to fluster him with a request for a sixpence when his hand was full of silver just received in change,these were a few of the petty torments that ingenuity prompted as occasion afforded. To do justice to Laploshka's resourcefulness it must be admitted that he always emerged somehow or other from the most embarrassing dilemma without in any way compromising his reputation for saying "No". But the gods send opportunities at some time to most men and mine came one evening when Laploshka and I were supping together in a cheap boulevard restaurant. (Except when he was the bidden guest of some one with an irreproachable income. Laploshka was wont to curb his appetite for high living on such fortunate occasions he let it go on an easy snaffle.) At the conclusion of the meal a somewhat urgent messsage called me away and without heeding my companion's agitated protest, I called back cruelly, "Pay my share: I'll settle with you tomorrow." Early on the morrow Laploshka hunted me down by instinct as I walked along a side street that I hardly ever frequented. He had the air of a man who had not slept.
"You owe me two francs from last night," was his breathless greeting.
Naturally Laploshka had a large circle of acquaintances, and as he exercised some care in their selection it followed that an appreciable proportion were men whose bank balances enabled them to acquiesce indulgently in his rather one-sided views on hospitality. Thus, although possessed of only moderate means. he was able to live comfortably within his income, and still more comfortably within those of various tolerantly disposed associates.
But towards the poor or to those of the same limited resources as himself his attitude was one of watchful anxiety: he seemed to be haunted by a besetting fear lest some fraction of a shilling or franc, or whatever the prevailing coinage might be, should be diverted from his pocket or service into that of a hard-up companion.
A two-franc cigar would be cheerfully offered to a wealthy patron on the principle of doing evil that good may come but I have known him indulge in agonies of perjury rather than admit the incriminating possession of a copper coin when change was needed to tip a waiter. The coin would have been duly returned at the earliest opportunity- he would have taken means to ensure against forgetfulness on the part of the borrower - but accidents might happen, and even the temporary estrangement from his penny or sou was a calamity to be avoided.
The knowledge of this amiable weakness offered a perpetual temptation to play upon Laploshka's fears of involuntary generosity. To offer him a lift in a cab and pretend not to have enough money to pay the fare, to fluster him with a request for a sixpence when his hand was full of silver just received in change,these were a few of the petty torments that ingenuity prompted as occasion afforded. To do justice to Laploshka's resourcefulness it must be admitted that he always emerged somehow or other from the most embarrassing dilemma without in any way compromising his reputation for saying "No". But the gods send opportunities at some time to most men and mine came one evening when Laploshka and I were supping together in a cheap boulevard restaurant. (Except when he was the bidden guest of some one with an irreproachable income. Laploshka was wont to curb his appetite for high living on such fortunate occasions he let it go on an easy snaffle.) At the conclusion of the meal a somewhat urgent messsage called me away and without heeding my companion's agitated protest, I called back cruelly, "Pay my share: I'll settle with you tomorrow." Early on the morrow Laploshka hunted me down by instinct as I walked along a side street that I hardly ever frequented. He had the air of a man who had not slept.
"You owe me two francs from last night," was his breathless greeting.
41
PYQ 2025
hard
english ID: cuet-pg-
Match List-I with List-II
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
1
(A) - (I), (B) - (II), (C) - (III), (D) - (IV)
2
(A) - (IV), (B) - (III), (C) - (II), (D) - (I)
3
(A) - (II), (B) - (IV), (C) - (I), (D) - (III)
4
(A) - (III), (B) - (I), (C) - (IV), (D) - (II)
42
PYQ 2025
medium
english ID: cuet-pg-
Which term applies the best to the given passage?
1
Argumentative
2
Descriptive
3
Reflective
4
Narrative
43
PYQ 2025
medium
english ID: cuet-pg-
What was worse than the illness?
1
Being in a Delhi nursing home.
2
The fact that the doctor insisted on tests.
3
Having a heart attack.
4
Undergoing a series of tests and a fat bill at the end of it all.
44
PYQ 2025
medium
english ID: cuet-pg-
According to the speaker, what stops one from going crazy?
1
Acts of passion
2
High excitement
3
Doctor's care
4
Simple things
45
PYQ 2025
medium
english ID: cuet-pg-
What was the 'only' thing that prevented the writer from losing her sanity?
1
Tests that promised recovery
2
The winter sun and the laughing of a child
3
A solitary pigeon on the skylight
4
The warmth of old bones
46
PYQ 2025
medium
english ID: cuet-pg-
What are the characteristics of good prose? Choose the most appropriate answer
(A). Use of bombastic words.
(B). Matching the requirements of the targeted readership.
(C). Ease of expression.
(D). Economy of words.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(A). Use of bombastic words.
(B). Matching the requirements of the targeted readership.
(C). Ease of expression.
(D). Economy of words.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
1
(A), (B) and (D) only.
2
(A), (B) and (C) only.
3
(A), (B), (C) and (D).
4
(B), (C) and (D) only.
47
PYQ 2025
medium
english ID: cuet-pg-
Complete the following sentence by choosing the correct option out of the given ones as per the reading of the passage:
Prose as a medium of literary appreciation ...
Prose as a medium of literary appreciation ...
1
should use appropriate language for conveying a particular content.
2
should be highly elevated in style.
3
should exhibit a creative and fanciful style.
4
should focus on scholarly jargon.
48
PYQ 2025
medium
english ID: cuet-pg-
The given passage may be characterised as -
1
Didactic
2
Explicative
3
Subjective
4
Psychological