Reading Comprehension

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Special feeds are the substances which are added in the roughage component of the diet to enrich its nutritive value. Low quality dry roughages like wheat straw, paddy straw, jawar kadbi and even crop residues are poor in their nutritive value and palatability. However, all these fodders form the major proportion of staple diets of the nutrients. Hence the enrichment of these fodders with suitable low-cost energy and protein sources make them not only palatable but they can be efficiently and completely utilized by the ruminants. Ruminants can efficiently digest fertilizer grade urea with the help of micro organisms in to quality proteins, hence urea is used to enrich such low quality roughages. Feed urea provides 2900 g crude protein/kg. When urea is heated, biuret is obtained. Both are useful in ruminants feeding. Biuret provides 2550g crude protein/kg. Use of urea molasses for increasing nutritive value and palatability of wheat straw, jawar kadbi, etc. is now a day practiced for their efficient utilization in the livestock farms.

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The agriculture and allied activities sector significantly contributed to the country's overall growth and development by ensuring food security. The Indian agriculture sector has been growing at an average annual growth rate of 4-6 percent during last six years. It grew by 3,0 percent in 2021-22 compared to 3.3 percent in 2020-21. In recent years, India has also rapidly emerged as the net exporter of agricultural products in 2020-21, exports of agriculture and allied products from India grew by 18 percent over the previous year. During 2021-22, agricultural exports reached an all-time high of USD 50.2 billion. This period of buoyant performance could be ascribed to the measures taken by the Government to promote farmer-producer organisations, encourage crop diversification and improve productivity in agriculture through support provided for mechanisation and the creation of the Agriculture Infrastructure Fund. Income support to farmers through the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN) and the promotion of allied activities has bed to diversification in sources of farmer's income, improving their resilience to weather shocks. The production of food grains and Oil seeds has been increasing Year-one Year (YOY). Production of pulses has also been notably higher than the average of 23.8 million tonnes in the last five years. Changing climate has been impacting agriculture adversely. The year 2022 witnessed an early heat wave during the wheat-harvesting season, adversely affecting its production. The year experienced a decline in the sown area for paddy cultivation too the Kharif season due to delayed monsoons and deficient rainfall.

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Compost is an organic manure prepared from plant residues and animal waste by decomposition. The process of making compost is known as composting. It is largely a biological process in which aerobic (which requires air or oxygen) and anaerobic (which function in the absence of air or free oxygen) microorganisms decompose organic matter and lower the carbon nitrogen ratio of the refuse. In the aerobic process, the mixed farm residues are collected in the pits of convenient size. say 15' x 5' x 3' (350 x 150 x 90 cm). Each day's collection is spread in a thin layer and sprinkled with a mixture of fresh cow dung. Compost manure is reinforced with super phosphate @ 25 kg per ton of manure. When the pit is filled to a height of 1.5 to 2.0 feet (45-60 cm) above ground level the surface is plastered with one ineh layer of a mixture of mud and eow dung. The compost beeomes ready in about three to four months without any further attention.

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National Agriculture Co-operative Marketing Federation of India Ltd (NAFED) is an apex organization of marketing co-operatives for agricultural produce in India, under Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. It was founded on the birthday of Mahatma Gandhi on 2nd October 1958 to promote the trade of agricultural produce and forest resources across the nation. It is registered under Multi State Co- operative Societies Act. NAFED is now one of the largest procurement as well as marketing agencies for agricultural products in India.
NAFED is the nodal agency to implement stabilization measures. With its headquarters in New Delhi, NAFED has four regional offices at Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata, apart from 28 zonal offices in capitals of states and important cities.